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171.
This article examines the making and implementation of the 2009 European Union (EU) regulation on cars and CO2 emissions (Regulation [EC] No 443/2009). As the first legally binding measure to target the CO2 emissions of passenger cars, this regulation represents a milestone in EU efforts to reduce the climate impacts of road transport. The analysis draws on two central theoretical perspectives on EU policy making: liberal intergovernmentalism and supranationalism. Both offer important insights, but their explanatory power varies with the policy‐making phase in focus. The analysis shows that the Commission and the car industry were instrumental in shaping what eventually became an industry‐friendly regulation applicable in all EU countries. However, far from being a case of closed negotiations between the industry and the Commission, Germany and other EU countries defending the interest of manufacturers of high‐emission vehicles made use of their powers during the decision‐making phase and succeeded in watering down the Commission's proposal. 相似文献
172.
Anne S.Y. Cheung 《Computer Law & Security Report》2009,25(3):275-279
The Internet is notoriously known to be the “human flesh search engine” in China when it is used against private individuals for the purpose of social shaming, monitoring and revenge. In such case of cyber witch hunting, personal information of the targeted individuals is often ruthlessly exposed and their lives are mercilessly disrupted. In the face of the growing resort to the human flesh search engine, the Beijing Court delivered the first ruling condemning this practice and affirming privacy rights for Chinese citizens at the end of 2008. This article discusses the trend of cyber-manhunt in China, with specific focus on the judgment of the Beijing Court. It points out the inadequacy in the ruling and argues that legislative enactment to protect personal information at the national level is essential in China. 相似文献
173.
Gian M. Galeazzi Aleš Bučar-Ručman Laura DeFazio Anne Groenen 《European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research》2009,15(3):243-260
Previous research by the Modena Group on Stalking (MGS) regarding awareness and recognition of stalking by police officers
and general practitioners using case scenarios showed significant differences across three countries. It was also hypothesized
that victims used different pathways when seeking help. To explore the experience of requesting help by victims of stalking
in different European countries a detailed survey was completed by 391 victims of stalking in Belgium (n = 145), Italy (n = 126)
and Slovenia (n = 120). The research confirmed the significant intensity and duration of stalking and psychological distress
for victims. Victims used several pathways to survive stalking. Some victims reported that informal interventions they or
family/friends implemented were effective, but the majority had to have recourse to helping agencies. Significant differences
in help seeking behaviour were found between the three countries. In Belgium victims contacted the police, as well as other
helping agencies, more often and more precociously than in Italy and Slovenia. Restriction orders against the stalker were
considered the most effective intervention. Police were regarded as the least supportive agency, taking victims less seriously,
and not being particularly effective at stopping the stalkers. Police were ranked after family/friends, lawyers and colleagues,
with regards effectiveness, except in Belgium, where Police’s effectiveness was ranked second after lawyers. Stalking often
requires the mobilization of multiple helping agencies by victims and it is important that victims are aware of what help
is available to them and that agencies become more sensitive to their needs. 相似文献
174.
Anne Griffiths 《Law & social inquiry》2009,34(2):495-507
In her book Mapping Marriage Law in Spanish Gitano Communities (2006) , Susan Drummond challenges the disciplinary perspectives of comparative law and legal anthropology in her study of Gitano marriage practices. By reframing the way in which the "local" or "locale" is viewed—through an ethnographic study of Gitanos—she displaces the traditional boundaries ascribed to comparative law, with its focus on taxonomy and structure, and with legal anthropology's approach to culture. Her study not only elucidates how national and transnational law intersect, but highlights the complex interconnections between local law and the larger systems of law that attempt to regulate it. This detailed interdisciplinary depiction of the spatial and temporal dimensions of law demonstrates the importance of taking account of scale, projection, and representation that requires both comparative law and legal anthropology to rethink the nature of space and place and their relationship with law from both their macro- and microperspectives. 相似文献
175.
Andrea K. Webb Charles R. Honts John C. Kircher Paul Bernhardt Anne E. Cook 《Legal and Criminological Psychology》2009,14(2):279-292
Purpose. There were three objectives of this study: (1) To assess the possibility of using pupil diameter as an index of deception in the context of a comparison question polygraph test. (2) To determine if pupil diameter would make a significant contribution to an optimal multivariate classification equation in combination with the traditional predictor variables used in field polygraph practice. (3) We explored the possibility of replacing one or more of the traditional predictor variables with pupil diameter. Methods. We used a laboratory mock crime experiment with 24 participants, half of whom stole $20 (US) from a secretary's purse. Participants were tested with a comparison question test modelled after standard field practice. Physiological measures were taken with laboratory quality instrumentation. Features were extracted from the physiological measures. Those features were subjected to a number of different statistical analyses. Results. Innocent participants showed larger increases in pupil diameter in response to probable‐lie questions than to relevant questions. Guilty participants did not show differential responding to the question types. The additional of pupil diameter to a multivariate classification model approached, but did not reach significance. Subsequent analyses suggest that pupil diameter might be used to replace the traditional relative blood pressure measure. Conclusions. Pupil diameter was found to be a significant predictor variable for deception. Pupil diameter may be a possible replacement for the traditional relative blood pressure measure. Additional research to explore that possibility would seem to be warranted. 相似文献
176.
Tournel G Dédouit F Balgairies A Houssaye C De Angeli B Bécart-Robert A Pety N Hédouin V Gosset D 《Journal of forensic sciences》2008,53(5):1174-1177
Described here is a case of suicide with the use of a chainsaw. A female suffering from schizophrenia committed suicide by an ingenious use of a chainsaw that resulted in the transection of her cervical spine and spinal cord. The findings of the resulting investigation are described and the mechanism of suicides with the use of a chainsaw is reviewed. A dry bone study was realized to determine the bone sections, the correlation between anatomic lesions and characteristics of chainsaw. The damage of organs and soft tissues is compared according to the kinds of chainsaw used. 相似文献
177.
Teitelman AM Ratcliffe SJ Morales-Aleman MM Sullivan CM 《Journal of interpersonal violence》2008,23(12):1694-1712
This study examined the association between sexual relationship power, intimate partner violence, and condom use among African American and Hispanic urban girls. In this sample of 56 sexually active girls, 50% did not use condoms consistently and therefore were at higher risk for acquiring HIV or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Teens who experienced more intimate partner violence had a significantly higher likelihood of inconsistent condom use and therefore a greater risk for HIV/STDs. Girls' sense of sexual control in their relationships was not directly associated with inconsistent condom use but was inversely related to verbal and emotional abuse. Interventions aimed at reducing HIV/STD risk for adolescent girls need to address patterns of dominance and control in adolescent relationships as well as multiple forms of partner violence. This suggests the need for multilevel intervention approaches that promote girls' agency and multiple ways to keep girls safe from perpetrators of partner abuse. 相似文献
178.
Lindsay WR Hogue TE Taylor JL Steptoe L Mooney P O'Brien G Johnston S Smith AH 《International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology》2008,52(1):90-111
In mainstream offender samples, several risk assessments have been evaluated for predictive validity. This study extends this work to male offenders with intellectual disabilities. Participants from high-, medium-, and low-security settings, as well as community settings, were compared on a range of risk assessments. The Violence Risk Appraisal Guide, HCR-20-Historical Scale, the Risk Matrix 2000-C (combined risk), and the Emotional Problems Scales-Internalising discriminated between groups, with participants from high security having higher scores than those in medium security, who had higher scores than those in the community. The Violence Risk Appraisal Guide, all HCR-20 scales, the Short Dynamic Risk Scale, and the Emotional Problems Scales (Internalising and Externalising) showed significant areas under the curve for the prediction of violence. The Static-99 showed a significant area under the curve for the prediction of sexual incidents. The discussion reviews the value of these various scales to intellectual disability services. 相似文献
179.
Anne Dray Lorraine Mazerolle Pascal Perez Alison Ritter 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2008,4(3):267-287
Our paper examines how street-level drug markets adapt to a macro-level disruption to the supply of heroin, under three experimental
conditions of street-level drug law enforcement: random patrol, hot-spot policing and problem-orientated policing. We utilize
an agent-based model to explore the relative impact of abstractions of these three law enforcement strategies after simulating
an ‘external shock’ to the supply of heroin to the street-level drug market. We use 3 years of data, which include the period
of the ‘heroin drought’ in Melbourne (Australia) that commenced in late 2000 and early 2001, to measure changes in a selected
range of crime and harm indicators under the three policing conditions. Our results show that macro-level disruptions to drug
supply have a limited impact on street-level market dynamics when there is a ready replacement drug. By contrast, street-level
police interventions are shown to vary in their capacity to alter drug market dynamics. Importantly, our laboratory abstraction
of problem-orientated policing is shown to be the optimal strategy to disrupt street-level injecting-drug markets, reduce
crimes and minimize harm, regardless of the type of drug being supplied to the market.
相似文献
Alison RitterEmail: |
180.