可保利益

<正> 保险并不意味着也不应该向任何人无条件地提供保险,以免在损失发生之时,使有些被保险人从赔偿中获取一种纯净的利益。在实践中,对此进行控制的相当可靠的方式,便是采取"可保利益"原则。一、坚持可保利益原则的目的在判例和成文立法中,贯穿于可保利益原则全部发展途程的两个主要目的,曾引起立法     

美国的商标和商标法

<正> 一、商标的性质商标的主要功能是识别商标所属产品的来源。它也有一种广告功能和保证功能——这后一功能,是保护产品的来源和产品在广告上被宣传的质量。在人们的心目中,商标的能力有强有弱。家用电器用具制造商——阳光公司,是注册商标"阳光"的所有权人。该公司对阳光家具公司提起诉讼。法院下令禁止被告把"阳光"这     

论犯罪现象的发生和变化的依赖关系

<正> 一、犯罪的因果关系问题在犯罪学中研究犯罪现象问题时,可以看到诸如"成因"、"原因"、"动机"、"根源"、"滋生情况"或者更普遍的"病源"、"犯罪发生因素"这样一些概念被作为相同意义概念使用的情况。要整顿好达类术语是相当困难的,因为在这     

Work,fertility, and the status of women in Mexico

Among the major transformations affecting Mexican women in recent decades were their growing participation in the labor market and the fertility decline that began in the 1970s with widespread access to contraception. Data from 3 major Mexican fertility surveys, employment surveys, and censuses are used to analyze changes in female employment and their determinants during the years of economic recession in the 1980s. The main characteristics of the Mexican fertility decline are described, and the relationship between fertility and female employment before and during the economic recession is scrutinized for different social sectors. Suggestions for research on the affects of these changes on the social condition of Mexican women are then presented. The proportions of Mexican women over 12 years old who declared themselves economically active increased from 16% in 1970 to 21% in 1979 and 32% in 1987. Until the 1970s the majority of employed women were young and single or childless. But a clear increase occurred between 1976-87 in the economic participation of older women in union. Economic participation of low income and less educated women increased as they sought work or created their own in response to deteriorating living conditions during the recession. Young women with intermediate or higher educational levels did not increase their relative presence in the labor market in the same period. The marked increase in economic participation of less educated women in union with small children was accompanied by a significant increase in manual occupations. Between 1982-87, the proportion of women aged 20-49 in nonsalaried manual occupations rose from 7.6% to 18.5%. Mexico's fertility decline has been well documented. The total fertility rate declined from 6.3 in 1973 to 3.8 in 1986, while the percentage of women in union using a contraceptive method increased from 30.2 in 1976 to 52.7 in 1987. Fertility differentials have been declining but are still considerable. The inhibitory influence of children on female labor force participation in Mexico is clear, but in the years of economic recession the most notable increase in female workers was in women with 3 or more children of whom the youngest was under 3. It appears that the influence of children on women's employment depends on the socioeconomic status of the woman as well as on the dynamism or sluggishness of the labor market. Research is needed on the significance of changes in fertility and female employment for women's status in Mexico. Several recent works have presented results of microsocial analyses of the ways in which women experience changes in their lives resulting from fertility and employment decisions. A methodological strategy for studying these changes and their influence on women's status should focus on comparisons between different generations and birth cohorts, different types of employment, and different socioeconomic statuses. Both macrosocial and microsocial forms of analysis are needed to provide a full picture.