美国军事力量进入中亚及其影响

由于中亚地区所处的独特地理位置和政治地缘环境,世界范围内的突发事件、大国关系变化、战略力量格局重组乃至能源供需关系调整等重大因素的消长,都会对中亚地区的安全形势和政局走向产生深刻的影响."9·11"事件之后,美国在阿富汗采取军事行动,并借打击恐怖主义的名义,向乌兹别克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦和塔吉克斯坦等国派遣军队.尽管美国一再表示,它对中亚地区并无军事上的兴趣,并承诺反恐怖主义军事行动结束后一定撤离,但目前美国军事力量进入中亚地区已是不争的事实,有待进一步观察的只是存在的方式和规模的问题.这一事实本身已对中亚地区原有的战略平衡构成了几近于直接的冲击,使苏联解体以来形成的地区大国影响格局被打破,并将对中亚各国社会政治体制和经济发展模式产生长期的影响.     

试论高等院校推行学分制的思考

学分制是一个符合现代教育发展趋势,有利学生个性发展和综合素质全面提高的教学管理制度,它的实施和完善是一个长期的过程。一方面要看到学分制作为一种管理手段所具有的优越性和条件约束性,慎重推进;另一方面要创造条件,在调查研究的基础上,努力探索切合国情校情的、能促进教学质量不断提高的教学管理制度,不断完善学分制。     

青少年犯罪现状原因及预防对策

近年来,青少年犯罪呈上升趋势,笔者根据司法实践遇到的大量青少年犯罪的案例,分析青少年犯罪的现状、原因以及预防对策。     

程序的多重视角

程序是法学(法律)的一个独立范畴。由于语境不同,中西方对“程序”的理解有较大的差异,国内学者对法律程序进行解释时存在误读现象。完整地认识程序,需要完整的观察视角。只有从人权、法治、民主和经济等多元视角来诠释法律程序的价值和功能,才可能较完整地认识实体权利和程序权利的相互关系。     

调解的重构(下)——以法院调解的改革为重点

调解作为中国自古就存在的一种纠纷解决方式 ,甚至是社会治理的一种制度性或体制性存在 ,在现代仍然有着极为重要的意义。本文采取一种综合各种功能的多元价值论 ,主张客观地认识调解的各种功能和价值。同时 ,力图通过对于以法院调解改革为重点获取的实证资料的分析 ,提出一种有关我国调解的功能和价值的建设性的意见或理论框架 ,实现一种对于调解的重构 ,以使其获得现代转型和重生。     

国际强行法保护的人权

人权并不存在等级 ,所有的人权 ,包括公民权利 ,政治权利 ,经济、社会和文化权利 ,对于维护人的尊严都具有同等的重要性。在国际人权法上有一些人权属于“受国际强行法保护的人权”。但是 ,这些人权也不是更重要和更高级的人权 ,它们是维护人的尊严所需要的“最低限度的人权”。     

"国家尊重和保障人权"之法律关系解读

从法律关系的视角,探析我国《宪法(修正案)》"国家尊重和保障人权"这一条款的法理意蕴,应当强调公民是人权关系的权利主体,而国家则是尊重和保障人权的义务主体。国家在尊重和保障人权中担当义务主体有其历史必然性和现实必要性,同时要正确理解国家概念及其变化、国家和个人的关系。人权主体具有普遍性和多样性,人权主体的普遍性关涉权利平等问题,个人人权、集体人权和群体人权的性质各不相同。人权的分类既有传统的分类理论,也出现了新的分类方法,国家尊重人权的义务和保障人权的义务是两种内涵不同的义务。     

Validation studies of the ParaDNA® Intelligence System with artificial evidence items

Short tandem repeat (STR) profiling is one of the mostly used systems for forensic applications. In certain circumstances, STR profiling is time-consuming and costly, which potentially leads to delays in criminal investigations. LGC (Laboratory of the Government Chemist, UK) Forensics has developed a robust STR profiling platform called the ParaDNA^® Intelligence Test System which can provide early tactical intelligence and aid investigators in making informed decisions on sample prioritization for detection. Here, we validated the ParaDNA intelligence test for its application in forensic cases using a range of mock evidence items following guidelines set by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM). Specifically, we tested the sensitivity and accuracy of the ParaDNA intelligence test, as well as the success rates for detecting mock samples and for use in case scenarios. Our findings demonstrate that the ParaDNA intelligence test generates useful DNA profiles, especially for samples such as blood, saliva, and semen that contain ample DNA, indicating the benefits of including ParaDNA as a prior step in forensic STR profiling pipelines.     

China’s ten years in the wto: its performance and new challenges

Becoming a member of the WTO in 2001 was a historic event of great significance during the process of China’s reform and opening up. Since then, China has steadily pushed forward the reform and opening up policy, proactively seizing the opportunities of economic globalization and positively utilizing the multilateral trading system to develop economic and trade relations with other countries, all of which have contributed to the great economic and social achievements during the first decade of 21st century. However, there are different opinions on China’s futuristic role in the WTO, and those disagreements resulting from various interest preferences are not only one-sided and limited, but also triggering off the discussions on the criteria to assess China’s performance in the WTO. This article argues that China’s activities in the WTO (i.e., implementing WTO commitments, participating in the Doha Round negotiation, the dispute settlement and trade policy review) should be a kind of assessment criteria. Based on comprehensive observation of China’s performance in the WTO, it is concluded in this article that China’s participation in the WTO system and global trade governance extends the scope of world trade law, improves its effectiveness, constitutes China’s new contributions to implement treaty obligations in good faith, resolves peacefully international trade disputes, and maintains substantively the international rule of law. At the same time, it has not only caused new driving forces for international trading system, but also made China face new challenges in the WTO.     

论“认罪态度”在量刑情节中的定位

传统刑法和司法实践将"认罪态度"定位于酌定量刑情节,由于立法的模糊性和司法人员的认识差异,造成了量刑时空上的不平衡。本文认为,随着"自首"、"立功"和"坦白"的逐步法定化,将"积极退赃"和"赔偿损失"升格为法定量刑情节的条件已经具备。它不仅没有违背罪刑法定原则,而且依赖于刑罚改造理论和人身危险性理论的理论支撑,还有相关法律和司法解释作为法律基础及外国立法提供的参考和借鉴。因此,应将"积极退赃"和"赔偿损失"升格为法定量刑情节的条件和从宽处罚的具体标准,实现"认罪态度"在量刑情节中法律地位的转变及司法的公平与公正。