Examining Commuters’ Cognitive Responses to Minibus Taxi Advertising

Abstract

Limited scholarly studies have been conducted on transit advertising in general, but even more so in South Africa. The purpose of the current study was to examine commuters’ cognitive responses to minibus taxi advertising by measuring their: (1) noting of minibus taxi advertising; and (2) recall of elements in minibus taxi advertisements. A survey was administered by trained fieldworkers to a quota-based sample of 398 regular minibus taxi commuters at a major taxi rank in Mbombela, Mpumalanga, South Africa. The results revealed that minibus taxi advertising has the potential to attract commuters’ attention, since the vast majority of the respondents regularly note advertisements on passing minibus taxis. The findings also revealed that some sub-groups in the sample demonstrated different cognitive responses. It was furthermore found that the commuting respondents typically recalled visual cues, colours and branding elements of minibus taxi advertising. The unique contribution of the study is that it is one of the first to examine the effectiveness of minibus taxi advertising media on a cognitive level. Thus, from an industry perspective, the study can guide marketers, advertisers and managers in grasping minibus taxi advertising in order to make more effective use of this unique out-of-home (OOH) advertising media platform for their advertising purposes.     

Power-sharing and political party engineering in conflict-prone societies: the Indonesian experiment in Aceh

Establishing legitimate political leadership through non-violent means is an essential step in the rebuilding of post-conflict societies. For this reason the successful holding of democratic elections is often seen as the crowning achievement of the peace process. In recent years, however, it has become clear that elections do not always guarantee the peace, and may in fact, make societies more dangerous.1 ?1. Collier Collier, Paul. 2009. Wars, Guns and Votes: Democracy in Dangerous Places, New York: Harper Collins.  [Google Scholar], Wars, Guns and Votes; Brancati, Peace by Design. View all notes This has prompted political scientists to look more closely at other dimensions of the transition from violent conflict to democratic politics, including the role of political parties. Political parties play an essential role in all democracies, but their importance is magnified in conflict-prone societies. While some scholars have argued that political parties may help to consolidate peace by forming coalitions between groups formerly in conflict, more recent research suggests that such parties may also entrench social cleavages, especially if party formation is based along former conflict fault lines. This article considers these arguments in the case of Aceh, Indonesia, where an historic peace agreement allowed former Acehnese rebels to form their own political party—one based along both ethnic and former conflict lines.     

妊娠期牦牛子宫肉阜上皮细胞的培养

为建立一种稳定、简便地获得较高纯度的牦牛子宫肉阜上皮细胞的方法,分别采用组织块种植法和联合消化法对妊娠8～10周龄牦牛的子宫肉阜上皮细胞进行原代培养及分离纯化,测试其培养的最适FBS浓度及pH值,并观察其大体形态等。结果显示,胎盘组织样品在37℃下,采用胰蛋白酶和胶原酶1∶1联合消化排除法分离子宫肉阜上皮细胞的效果好。pH6.8～7.0、含150mL/L FBS的DMEM/F12培养基适宜牦牛子宫肉阜上皮细胞的原代培养,pH6.8～7.0、含100mL/L FBS的DMEM/F12培养基较适宜传代培养。传代5次后经透视显微镜观察发现,细胞为上皮样形态,呈片状铺石路样生长。表明,用联合消化排除法可简单、有效地获得较高纯度的牦牛子宫肉阜上皮细胞。     

Technology and torts: Memory costs, nondurable precautions and interference effects

This article examines the influence of nondurable precaution technologies on the expansion of tort awards. We provide four contributions to the literature. First, we present a general, formal model on durable and non-durable precaution technology that focuses on memory costs. Second, because liability exposure creates interference, we argue that tort law perpetuates the expansion of awards. Third, because plaintiffs do not consider the social costs of interference effects, private litigation induces socially excessive suits. Fourth, while new harm-reducing technologies likely increase accident rates, such technologies also raise the ratio of trial costs to harm, leaving undetermined the overall effect of new technologies on the rate of litigation.     

The policy-making dimension of post-conflict governance: the experience of Aceh,Indonesia

Rebuilding and strengthening the essential functions of government is a critical aspect of peace-building and recovery after conflict. There is now a wide literature on the challenges of post-conflict state-building based on the international community's experiences in such places as Kosovo, East Timor, Iraq and Afghanistan. Much of this literature is concerned with the challenges of strengthening administration and service provision—what might be loosely called the policy implementation functions of government. Much less attention has been given to the policy formulation capacities of post-conflict governments. This is surprising given the importance of conflict-sensitive policies for peace-building and for laying the foundations for economic growth and employment. Many post-conflict governments lack capacity for policy development—a gap that is often filled by international technical assistance. In cases where the international community is providing support to a reasonably functioning government after a conflict, this study argues that more attention needs to be given to the government's policy-making capacity. Using the experience of post-conflict Aceh as a prism, the study argues that technical advice can be too easily wasted unless there is concomitant support for developing the institutional infrastructure needed to manage advice and to prepare options for political deliberation and choice.     

论好生活与公民教育

普世道德的幸福生活价值往往基于宗教信仰、传统文化或人本价值的道德观。它不仅是幸福的来源,也提供获得幸福的途径。好的公共生活所必需具备的基本价值,是由公民社会而不是靠国家权力维持和再生的。历史上许多对"幸福"的政治狂躁追求,都是由国家权力主导,结果是灾难性的。今天,要造就一种能够持续有效的幸福观和好生活观,恐怕还要从加强公民教育,建立好的公共生活价值观开始。     

Why Inconclusiveness is a Problem for Public Reason

Law and Philosophy - Most theorists of public reason, including both its proponents and critics, now accept that it is inconclusive, meaning that its correct application can result in a plurality...     

在变革中发展深化的中国经济法学

中国经济法学在发展历程中,经历了经济法的表面繁荣到相对沉寂。从各种学说林立众说纷纭,到渐趋一致基本赞同经济法调整市场竞争关系和宏观调控关系;从单纯关注经济法基础理论到注重实用性研究;从以前苏联为蓝本创建体系到立足中国市场体制和中国实践提出新的学说理论。但是在演进过程中,仍然存在一些危及经济法发展的倾向,如务实变成了惟实,厌恶甚至否弃经济法基础理论的研究;盛行引经据典之风反而销蚀了独立思考的能力;不规范的学术批评损害了经济法学术共同体的建立;固执和偏见阻碍经济法学科的建设;被补充的智识、被援引的方法和被转换的视角与经济法学本体结合不紧,还没有真正彻底地经济法学化。经济法具有突出的国别性和本土化特性,因此经济法研究应立足本国,自主创新,中国的本土资源能够促成中国经济法(学)自主发展。