从历史的观点看罗莎·卢森堡的《资本积累论》

罗莎.卢森堡在令人难以置信的短时间内被迫撰写了专著《资本积累论》。面对她所坚信的两个悖论,激情澎湃的卢森堡决心提供一个理论上的解答。卢森堡发展了她的关于非资本主义领域的主要存在是资本和积累直接的和决定性的条件的思想。然而,这种必要性的基础正遭受到旨在摧毁越来越多的所有非资本主义环境的帝国主义趋势的损害。有鉴于此,罗莎.卢森堡声称:从长远来看,资本主义体系的崩溃是无法避免的。可是,这个命题并没有为时代所证实。无论怎样,为了试图对马克思提出的再生产过程公式,特别是加速的资本积累,寻找一个理论上的精确解答,卢森堡竭尽了全力。在这个过程中,她得出了(在某种意义上是不自觉地)一整套富有价值的敏锐洞见。其中,包括强权和暴力在“新”、“旧”帝国主义中的经济作用,需求在资本积累过程中的作用以及资本主义制度作为一个社会体系的增长范围。     

Cyberfraud and the implications for effective risk-based responses: themes from UK research

The nature of the risk or threat posed by ‘cyberfraud’ - fraud with a cyber dimension – is examined empirically based on data reported by the public and business to Action Fraud. These are used to examine the implications for a more effective risk-based response, both by category of fraud and also responding to cyberfraud generally, not just in the UK. A key characteristics of cyberfraud is that it can be globalised, unless there are major national differences in attractiveness of targets or in the organisation of control. This does not mean that all cyberfraud is international, however: not only do some involve face to face interactions at some stage of the crime cycle, but in online auction selling frauds, it appears to be common for the perpetrators and victims to reside in the same country. After reviewing patterns and costs of victimisation and their implications for control, the paper concludes that any law enforcement response must begin by being strategic: which other public and private sector bodies should be involved to do what; what should be the specific roles and responsibilities of the police and where ‘problem ownership’ should lie; what are we willing to pay for (in money and effort) for greater cybersecurity and how to reduce ‘market failure’ in its supply; and, how that security is going to be organised for and/or by the huge numbers of businesses and people that are (potentially) affected.     

Exploring the social and emotional context of childhood animal cruelty and its potential link to adult human violence

ABSTRACT

Those who commit acts of animal cruelty may do so differently based upon how they individually experience such acts. These experiences may impact the link that exists between childhood animal abuse and later interpersonal violence. Limited research exists that examines how social and emotional factors such as being upset after committing animal cruelty may impact the progression from early acts of animal cruelty to later acts of adult violence against humans. Based on responses from 180 prison inmates in a Southern state, the current study examined the effects of onset and frequency of animal cruelty, covertness of animal cruelty, the commission of animal cruelty alone or in a group, and being upset after committing animal cruelty. Inmates who committed recurrent acts of childhood animal cruelty were more likely to commit recurrent acts of adult interpersonal violence.