Host discrimination by Hyposoter exiguae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

Host discrimination byHyposoter exiguae (Viereck) was investigated, usingTrichoplusia ni (Hübner) as a host in the presence and absence of host food. Forty-six percent of the parasite females tested exhibited ovipositional patterns significantly different from a random distribution. Of these, 82% showed patterns ranging from near perfect to slight discrimination.

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Zusammenfassung In seiner Arbeit über die Biologie vonH. exiguae berichtet Puttler, da? Weibchen dieser Art offensichtlich nicht zwischen parasitierten und nichtparasitierten Wirtslarven unterscheiden k?nnen. Im Verlauf unserer Arbeiten überH. exiguae ergab sich, da? einige Weibchen doch zwischen solchen Larven Unterschiede machen. Die vorliegende Untersuchung legt quantitativ für Individuen und Gruppen den Grad der Unterscheidung fest. H. exiguae-Weibchen wurden zu 22–28 Raupen (sp?tes erstes bis frühes zweites Stadium) vonTrichoplusia ni (Hübner) gebracht, mit und ohne Wirtsnahrung, für verschiedenze Zeitr?ume. Nach der Exposition wurden die Wirtsraupen in 70% Alkohol abget?tet, seziert und die Zahl der Parasiteneier in jeder Raupe ermittelt. Die tats?chliche Verte?lung der Parasiteneier wurde verglichen mit der theoretischen Zufalls-(Poisson-)verteilung, bei Anwendung der x²-Analyse. Von 24 getesteten Weibchen zeigten 11 ein Eiablageverteilungsmuster, das von der Zufallsverteilung abwich, meist im sinne einer Ablehnung von schon parasitierten Wirten.

     

Indigenous citizens in the making: civic belonging and racialized schooling in Chile

This paper explores expressions of sociocultural and political subjectivity among indigenous youth located within four secondary boarding schools in the Araucanía Region of Chile. For rural indigenous students, these schools are a primary site in which they come to gain a sense of themselves as members of civil society and as future citizens. Drawing on young peoples’ experiences in boarding facilities and expressions regarding sociopolitical positioning, we analyse the ways Mapuche youth engage with the racially and class-inflected hierarchies of inequality present in the school, the region and beyond. Within these school spaces, little intellectual space afforded young people to consider how civic inclusion can be renegotiated in relation to indigenous identifications. Nevertheless, the young people demonstrate a capacity to engage critically with national discourses from media and schooling. Whilst not widely engaged in politicized youth activism, the pupils demonstrated agency by positioning themselves critically in quotidian and negotiated re-workings of the meaning of citizenship.     

National study comparing the characteristics of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia who committed homicide vs. those who died by suicide

Associations between serious mental disorder and violence are well-documented, but there is little epidemiological evidence linking these disorders and homicide risk. The reported study compares socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of people diagnosed with schizophrenia who committed homicide vs. those who died by suicide. The study is a national case series of male patients in England & Wales diagnosed with schizophrenia and convicted of homicide during 1997–2012 (n = 168), and a randomly selected comparison group of male patients with schizophrenia who died by suicide and who were matched to the homicide case series by age (n = 777). There are different patterns of behaviour in people with schizophrenia preceding homicide and suicide. Homicide perpetrators have frequently disengaged with services whilst patients who die by suicide are often in recent contact. This is important knowledge for clinical services as it indicates a different preventive emphasis despite the existence of other shared characteristics.     

Forensic implications of biting behavior: a conceptually underdeveloped area of investigation

Within the context of a criminal investigation the human bitemark traditionally provides the forensic dentist with both physical and biological evidence. In recent years, however, examples exist where in addition to discussing physical and biological evidence, expert witnesses have also testified in court regarding the behavioral aspects of biting behavior. Interested in this additional source of evidence, the authors reviewed the research literature from which biting behavior could be explained. The review found a hiatus of empirical knowledge in this respect, with only two papers seemingly related to the topic. With this dearth of knowledge in mind, the authors present a framework for further analysis and tentatively suggest reasons for biting behaviors, using a range of psychological models. The article ends with a cautionary note that vague and often misleading behavioral assumptions must not be applied to bitemark testimony until further data are available.