关于新国家与国际法的两本著作

<正> (一)阿纳德(Anand):《新独立国家与国际法》(1972年)作者不受正统观念的约束,写出了一本有助于理解一些极需彻底清理的国际法问题的著作。虽然国际大家庭经历了一个革命性的"国家爆炸"(它在各大陆的成员已经增加到了一百三十五个),我们却依然普遍地使用着一种主要是以一个大陆历史为基础的国际法。作者对旧国际法以欧洲为中心这一点感到遗憾,并要求国际法学家重新改写国际法的历史。利奥渡德·     

Issues in population pressure,land resettlement,and development: The case of Nepal

This analysis considers the question of whether resettlement schemes really relieve population pressure or help achieve a better regional balance between population and resource distribution in a manner consistent with Nepal's national objective of agricultural growth with social justice. The 1st part of the analysis discusses population pressure, followed by the conceptualization of ecodemographic relations and sociodemographic relations. The 2nd part of the analysis considers Nepal's agrarian economy along with a case-study examination of its contemporary resettlement project in Chitwan district. Finally, information is presented from a field survey conducted in Chitwan in 1979, which support the assertions that: the sociodemographic relations -- not population pressure as such -- are the primary roots of agrarian development problems in a country like Nepal; and resettlement schemes, when implemented without due consideration of the pervasive sociodemographic relations, are a deficient technical fix to imbalances in ecodemographic relations. Nepal provides a typical example of ecodemographic imbalances in the regional distribution of population and resources. Although the Hill and Mountain regions make up almost 60% of Nepal's total population, they share less than 30% of the total land under cultivation. The Tarai region, which is the northern extension of the Gangetic Plain in India, occupies over 70% of the cultivated land and supports only slightly over 40% of the population. As the case study illustrates, development strategies such as land resettlement are invariably formulated and implemented as a technical solution within the framework of ecodemographic relations. Little attention is directed to addressing the social dimension of these programs, i.e., the structual problems directly associated with the existing sociodemographic relations. Development, or land resettlement in the present case, is not simply a technical issue concerned with land reclamation and its management. It is also a social issue, because the sociodemographic relations determine significantly the direction (or directions) that resettlement programs take. When development policies make little effort to tackle the underlying forces of these relations, resettlement schemes result in the reconstitution of class divisions and disparity in the ownership of resources in newly resettled areas.     

The right to choose to die with dignity

Advances in medical science have done much to improve the quality of life but in some cases medical treatment may result in the prolonging of death rather than the enhancement of life. Patients may wish to refuse or withdraw from medical treatment even though they realise that this will lead to an early death. Medical attendants may, however, see it as their legal or ethical duty to impose medical treatment in the interest of preserving life. At a broad level two crucial interests come into headlong conflict--the patient's right to self-determination and society's interest in the preservation of human life. In this article the legal principles which are invoked to resolve this conflict both at common law and under recent Victorian legislation, the Medical Treatment Act 1988, are discussed and the thesis advanced that, in relation to competent patients, the law favours the right to self-determination.     

资本主义

为了熏新评估当代资本主义这样一种全球体系，维克托·D．利皮特（Victor D．Lippit）的《资本主义》一书对激进的和传统的马克思主义政治经济学均进行了大量的文献考证，并得出了全新的引人入胜的分析。论证的清晰性、直接性和针对性奠定了该书卓越的学术地位。同时，该书直到了教育和说服的双重作用。它激起了读者强烈的思考欲望，使人们敢于挑战目前风靡全球的普遍认为资本主义必胜的自我幻想，而这恰恰是我们生活的时代所要思考的中心问题。     

年龄与犯罪

犯罪与年龄有着密切关系。美国联邦调查局的《犯罪统一报告》的统计表明,在大部分犯罪中,50%左右的被逮捕人年龄不足三十岁。这种现象可以从年轻人的社会关系、认知水平和身体发育等多方面寻找原因,而年龄—犯罪曲线的变化也跟犯罪类型和时代原因有关。年龄—犯罪曲线在青少年之后呈下降并趋于平缓趋势,但仍有较多人的犯罪曲线直到老年后才下降。