The MMPI-2 L Scale as a Measure of Impression Management After Receiving Test Information: a Case Report

Normally, high scores on the MMPI L (Lie) scale are associated with underreporting of symptoms. However, in certain circumstances, such as disability applications and personal injury litigation, individuals may be motivated to convey elevated symptomatology in combination with exaggerated portrayals of virtuosity and truthfulness. Information about tests may help guide this impression management pattern. The current case report illustrates these points and demonstrates that acquired information can motivate an individual, under the right circumstances, to increase their endorsement of uncommon virtues. Clinicians and forensic examiners are encouraged to remain alert to how test information interacts with an individual’s presentation motives.     

中东欧仲裁制度比较研究——以波兰、捷克为例

中东欧国家近来都在大力推进友好型纠纷解决方式的发展,鼓励当事人采用仲裁与调解等方式解决纠纷。研究中东欧地区仲裁制度的发展可以为我国"一带一路"战略的实施提供有力政策参考。波兰及捷克等中东欧国家仲裁制度的最新立法趋势呈现:扩大可仲裁事项的范围、强化仲裁员的中立性与独立性、明确仲裁员的保密义务、注重保护弱势一方当事人的程序利益。这对进一步完善我国仲裁制度具有重要的参考价值。     

Gender differences in gang participation,delinquency, and substance use

The purpose of this paper is to respond to gaps in our knowledge about patterns of female gang participation and its causes and consequences. Data from the Rochester Youth Development Study, a panel study that overrepresents adolescents at high risk for delinquency, are used to compare gang participation and delinquent involvement of female and male adolescents. We then examine the role of theoretical variables associated with both female and male gang membership. The results lead us to conclude that, for females as well as males, involvement in gangs is associated with substantially increased levels of delinquency and substance use. There is also some similarity in the factors associated with gang membership for both sexes, although lack of school success emerges as a factor of particular salience for female adolescents. The results suggest that theory and intervention need to address the phenomenon of female gang membership as an important component of urban youth problems.Authors' names are listed in alphabetical order.     

Trends in victimization in schools and elsewhere, 1974–1981

Trends in the rate of victimizations of juveniles in three settings-schools, homes, and streets/parks-are examined monthly during the period 1974–1981. The relationship between in-school victimization rates and those occurring outside of school are analyzed with multivariate ARMA models informed by previous research on school victimization (Gottfredson and Gottfredson, 1985) and an importation perspective on the source of crime and victimization in institutions such as schools. Results indicate that the overall in-school victimization rate remained relatively stable during this period but that victimization rates of juveniles in other settings had significant effects on in-school victimizations. This suggests that underlying causes of victimization in general are important determinants of victimization in schools. These results are limited, however, as we examine these sources of victimization only indirectly via relationships among the different victimization rates in dynamic models and by the aggregate nature of the monthly data from the National Crime Survey.     

Public service responsiveness to users' demands and needs: theory, practice and primary healthcare in England

Analyses and policy statements about publicly funded services frequently distinguish 'demands' from 'needs'. The distinction has been challenged, calling into question the coherence of formulating welfare policy and evaluating public services in terms of needs. This paper explicates the conceptual distinction between demands and needs in terms of derived demand and information asymmetry. 'Needs' can be defined as 'rational demands', where 'rational' means 'consistent and evidence–based', and 'demands' as 'desires' rather than 'effective (i.e. economic) demand'. On that basis, practical demand management in needs–based public services would require:
1. Knowledge of users' demands for services;
2. Content analyses of users' demands to identify any misinformed demands;
3. Conversion of any misinformed demands into evidence–based specifications of needs;
4. Formulating coherent, evidence–based demands on behalf of users who cannot to do so themselves.
A study of English NHS Primary Care Groups explores the problems which authorities responsible for publicly funded services face in undertaking these activities. Demand management receives low priority in terms of the incentives and intellectual resources applied to it. Needs assessment has higher priority but is regarded as a branch of evidence–based professional practice, controlled by professionals rather than responsive to users. This separation tends to defeat the purposes of needs–based public services.     

College Student Evaluations of Parent–Child Disciplinary Situations

This study examined the influence(s) of the type of physical discipline administered and the type of child misbehavior on college student’s evaluations of parent–child disciplinary situations. Participants evaluated vignettes describing a child’s behavioral transgression and the subsequent parental disciplinary response. Evaluations were assessed in terms of the abusiveness, effectiveness, and appropriateness of the discipline. As predicted, evaluations varied as a function of both the type of physical discipline and the type of behavioral transgression. For example, parent–child interactions were evaluated as being more abusive when the severity of the discipline exceeded the severity of the transgression. Gender differences emerged with women evaluating mild discipline as being just as appropriate as moderate discipline while men evaluated mild discipline as being less appropriate than moderate discipline. Further, men evaluated moderate and severe discipline as being more effective than mild discipline. Results are discussed in terms of how the current research extends previous work in this area. Implications and areas for future research also are discussed.     

Forensic science and criminal justice: An analysis of curricular models

The multi-disciplinary field of forensic science frequently finds its academic home within criminal justice programs. After examining the reasons for this academic linkage, an analysis of criminal justice curricular models and courses was undertaken to assess their applicability to forensic science education and careers. The authors concluded that the relationship between criminal justice and forensic science can be mutually beneficial; however, most criminal justice programs do not provide adequate preparation for meaningful careers in forensic science.     

Medical school forensic psychiatry units in health care delivery facilities rather than criminal justice institutions: an alternative model

We have presented a model for developing forensic psychiatric treatment and teaching services of a medical school Department of Psychiatry, but where these services are the basic comprehensive health care delivery system for the entire community. These offer consultative and treatment services for adult and family court clinic, psychiatric forensic services, of forensic psychiatry open bed and medium security-type bed, as well as day hospital and outpatient services. All of these are sited in the normal health care delivery system of the university teaching hospitals and its patient treatment, teaching, and research facilities. Consultative services are offered on request to the criminal justice system, but the basic health care delivery system is controlled administratively by the ordinary university teaching hospital authorities and exists as a one of a kind unit at the Royal Ottawa Hospital. The Royal Ottawa Hospital is a private nonprofit hospital, with its own Board of Trustees, and is affiliated with the medical school, as part of a major university network. We believe it important to present this model for an overall forensic psychiatric service, in contradistinction to the more commonly established forensic psychiatric facilities in state mental hospitals, in a special facility for the criminally insane, or in a criminal justice system institution such as a penitentiary. We believe that our model for forensic psychiatric facilities has great advantages for the patient. Here the patient is treated in a specialized facility (as all psychiatric patients with specialized problems should be); but one which is a specialized forensic facility, within the range of specialized psychiatric facilities that are needed by an urban community.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The Idea of a Legal Science

Too many have helped with this for me to mention them all here. However, I would like to thank the numerous journals who, over a period of six years, have saved me from publishing my more embarrassing earlier attempts as well as my wife, Rachael, above all for her patience, but also for help with the diagrams now, sadly, discarded.     

Isomeric amphetamines--a problem for urinalysis?

Alkyl amphetamine isomers (amphetamine, 1-phenyl-2-butylamine (PBA), methamphetamine, N-methyl-PBA, N,N-dimethylamphetamine, N-ethylamphetamine, N-ethyl-PBA and N,N-diethylamphetamine) were purchased or synthesized and tested by immunoassay and GC/MS for their detectability in urine. Some cross reactivity was observed with PBA, N-methyl-PBA N-ethylamphetamine, and N-ethyl-PBA when analyzed using a series of commercial amphetamine and methamphetamine immunoassays. Chromatographic co-elution problems were observed for the underivatized isomeric group N,N-dimethylamphetamine, N-ethylamphetamine, and N-methyl-PBA under GC/MS conditions used; and their GC/MS spectra were quite similar. Of the potential derivatives, pentafluoropropionyl (PFP) anhydride and heptafluorobutyryl (HFB) anhydride provided adequate separation and easily distinguishable spectra using the electron-impact GC/MS conditions specified.