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21.
The International Monetary Fund's structure and rules are based on the quota system that was constructed when the Fund was
set up in 1946. Quotas affect contributions and resource availability at the Fund, access to resources, the distribution of
Special Drawing Rights, and voting rights. Despite periodic reviews and modifications, the quota system has gradually been
eroded and undermined. The fundamental problem is that a single system is attempting to serve four separate and incompatible
functions. We illustrate how this erosion has taken place, and how an unreformed quota system will compromise the future operations
of the IMF and the international monetary and financial system. Although the difficulties associated with reforming quotas
are myriad and complex, the legacy of an unreformed quota system may be profoundly undesirable. We argue that a refined IMF
structure must accommodate a clearer separation of a member's contributions to the IMF, its access to IMF resources, and its
voting rights at the institution.
JEL codes F42 · H79 · H11 相似文献
22.
A comparative study of gunshot residue originating from 9 mm Luger ammunition from various producers
Following previous work on differentiation between gunshot residue according to the type of ammunition used, a specific investigation was undertaken of traces originating from 9 mm Luger ammunition using SEM-EDX. The aim of this study was to determine whether GSR originating from this type of ammunition is similar, or whether differentiation could be made between particular manufacturers of Luger ammunition. The results were collected in the form of counts of particles in each of seven key elemental classes being combinations of lead, antimony and barium. These were then adjusted to a factor known as frequency of occurrence which allows comparison of the distribution of particles within the classes between samples with differences in absolute particle counts. The relationships between the samples were examined using non-parametric statistical tests: R-Spearman and tau-Kendall rank correlation coefficients. It has been found that most of the studied samples of GSR were similar to each other despite their originating from various manufacturers. 相似文献
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24.
Miloglu O Celikoglu M Dane A Cantekin K Yilmaz AB 《Journal of forensic sciences》2011,56(4):1025-1028
The aim of this study was to investigate whether or not the Nolla method is appropriate for Turkish children for the determination of the dental age (DA). A group of 719 children between the ages of 6 and 18 years were included in the study. DAs from orthopantograms by the Nolla method were estimated. The results obtained were compared with chronologic age (CA). Paired t and the Wilcoxon tests were performed. Both genders were underestimated in dental maturity when compared with the reference samples in total (-0.3 years) (p<0.01). The differences in girls were statistically significant in total and in all groups except for 7-7.9. The differences in boys between the CAs and DAs were not statistically significant in total and in all groups except for 7-7.9 and 8-8.9. Although the accuracy of this method was suitable for boys, according to our findings, it was not suitable for girls. 相似文献
25.
Timothy M Shaw Ian H Rowlands David Simon Robert I Mclaren 《Third world quarterly》2013,34(2):381-402
Africa: prospects of a rebirth? The Politics of Africa's Economic Recovery. by Richard Sandbrook. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993 Hemmed In: Responses to Africa's Economic Decline. edited by Thomas M Callaghy” &; John Ravenhill New York: Columbia University Press, 1994 Policy Reform for Sustainable Development in Africa: The Institutional Imperative. edited by Louis A Picard &; Michele Garrity Boulder, Co: Lynne Rienner, 1994 Social Change and Economic Reform in Africa. edited by Peter Gibbon. Uppsala: The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1993 A Blighted Harvest: The World Bank and African Agriculture in the 1980s. by Peter Gibbon, Kjell J Havnevik and Kenneth Hermele London: James Currey; Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1993 Unmasking Makiya: Iraq and Arab intellectuals Cruelty and Silence: War, Tyranny, Uprising, and the Arab World. by Kanan Makiya. London: Jonathan Cape, 1993 pp 367, £18.99 New developments in development thinking Beyond the Impasse: new directions in development theory. by Frans J Schuurman (ed). London: Zed Press, 1993, ppix + 233, £13.95 pbk, £32.95 hbk Changing Paradigms in Development—South, East and West; a meeting of minds in Africa. by Margareta von Troil (ed). Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1993, pp 200, £9.95 相似文献
26.
Dane Erickson 《北京周报(英文版)》2014,(32)
正Focus of U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit on cooperation,not competition,with China By Dane EricksonIn just a few short weeks,51 African heads of state will descend on Washington,D.C.for a historic U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit With the theme of"investing in the next generation,"the White House has announced that the event will"focus on trade and investment in Africa, 相似文献
27.
Party regulation in general and its systemic consequences in particular have not been a matter of concern for scholars until very recently. Despite recent efforts to study how political parties are regulated in post-authoritarian democracies and in conflict-prone societies, the question of how party legislation affects party formation and party system development in the Western Balkans still remains a mystery. Adopting a multi-disciplinary (that is, legal and political) approach, this article attempts to fill a gap in the literature by analysing how different party (finance) regulations shaped the party system in Macedonia, one of Europe's most recent (and under-researched) democracies, while controlling for changes in electoral regimes. There are two main findings. On the one hand, registration requirements had the strongest impact on the party system format, even when the electoral system pushed in the opposite direction. On the other, public funding, rather than “cartelizing” the system, mainly facilitated the survival of (both big and small) parties. Finally, the article also points to the need to explore the role of shadow financing and corruption when analysing the effects of party finance in new democracies. 相似文献
28.
Steven J. Walden M.Sc. Jacqui Mulville Ph.D. Jeffrey P. Rowlands H.N.D. Sam L. Evans Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2018,63(1):207-213
The aim of this pilot study was to investigate compositional changes in bone during decomposition. Elemental concentrations of barium, calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, zinc and phosphorus in porcine bone (as an experimental analog for human bone) were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP‐OES). The samples were taken from porcine bone subjected to shallow burial and surface depositions at 28‐day intervals for a period of 140 days. Results indicated that ICP‐OES elemental profiling has potential to be developed as a forensic test for determining whether a bone sample originates from the early stages of soft tissue putrefaction. Significant changes in iron, sodium and potassium concentrations were found over 140 days. These elements are known to be primarily associated with proteins and/or tissue fluids within the bone. Changes in their respective concentrations may therefore be linked to dehydration over time and in turn may be indicative of time since deposition. 相似文献
29.
Using an LIC-specific participation model, we adopt a propensity score matching (PSM) methodology to compare economic growth performance in countries with and without IMF programmes over the period 1989–2008. Concessional programmes are found to have had a generally positive effect on economic growth for up to two years after agreements were signed. The effects are contingent on other factors including overall initial economic conditions, recent prior growth performance, aid dependency, debt, IMF resources, recent history of IMF engagement and time period. We examine the implications of the results as the IMF considers how best to support the Sustainable Development Goals. 相似文献
30.
Scholars have not precisely defined morality policy, and Smith (Policy Stud J 30(3):379–395, 2002) urged an empirical taxonomy be used to identify those policies. We argue that Moral Foundations Theory offers a methodology for empirically identifying issues with moral content. We inventory 15 issues in parliamentary studies of “conscience” voting, 14 morality policies in western democracies compiled by Studlar (in: Mooney (ed) The public clash of private values: the politics of morality policy, Chatham House Publishers, New York, 2001), and then survey MFT empirical studies to identify 22 issues with moral content. Based on this universe of 37 issues, three journals are content analyzed to determine the coverage given them and to outline productive lines for future research. 相似文献