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21.
Byungbae Kim Travis C. Pratt Danielle Wallace 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2014,30(3):505-526
Objectives
The present study examines how individuals’ sanction risk perceptions are shaped by neighborhood context.Methods
Using structural equation modeling on data from waves 6 and 7 of the National Youth Survey, we assess the direct and indirect relationships between adverse neighborhood conditions and two dimensions of sanction risk perceptions: the certainty of punishment and perceived shame. In addition, the role of shame as a mediator between neighborhood context and certainty of punishment is also investigated.Results
The results indicate that adverse neighborhood conditions indirectly affect both forms of sanction risk perceptions, and additional results show that perceived shame fully mediates the effect of neighborhood conditions on perceptions of the certainty of punishment.Conclusions
The perceptual deterrence/rational choice perspective will need to be revised to accommodate more explicitly the role of neighborhood context in shaping sanction risk perceptions. 相似文献22.
Fluorescence Imaging of Posterior Spiracles from Second and Third Instars of Forensically Important Chrysomya rufifacies (Diptera: Calliphoridae), 下载免费PDF全文
Danielle Flores M.S. Amy L. Miller M.S. Angelique Showman M.S. Caitlyn Tobita Lori M. N. Shimoda B.S. Carl Sung B.S. Alexander J. Stokes Ph.D. Jeffrey K. Tomberlin Ph.D. David O. Carter Ph.D. Helen Turner Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2016,61(6):1578-1587
Entomological protocols for aging blowfly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larvae to estimate the time of colonization (TOC) are commonly used to assist in death investigations. While the methodologies for analyzing fly larvae differ, most rely on light microscopy, genetic analysis, or, more rarely, electron microscopy. This pilot study sought to improve resolution of larval stage in the forensically important blowfly Chrysomya rufifacies using high‐content fluorescence microscopy and biochemical measures of developmental marker proteins. We established fixation and mounting protocols, defined a set of measurable morphometric criteria and captured developmental transitions of 2nd instar to 3rd instar using both fluorescence microscopy and anti‐ecdysone receptor Western blot analysis. The data show that these instars can be distinguished on the basis of robust, nonbleaching, autofluorescence of larval posterior spiracles. High‐content imaging techniques using confocal microscopy, combined with morphometric and biochemical techniques, may therefore aid forensic entomologists in estimating TOC. 相似文献
23.
Danielle Wallace Andrew V. Papachristos Tracey Meares Jeffrey Fagan 《Justice Quarterly》2016,33(7):1237-1264
Legitimacy-based approaches to crime prevention assume that individuals will comply with the law when they believe that the law and its agents are legitimate and act in ways that are “fair” and “just.” Currently, legitimacy-based programs are shown to lower aggregate levels of crime; yet, no study has investigated whether such programs influence individual offending. Using quasi-experimental design and survival analyses, this study evaluates the effectiveness of one such program—Chicago’s Project Safe Neighborhoods’ (PSN) Offender Notification Forums—at reducing individual recidivism among a population of returning prisoners. Results suggest that involvement in PSN significantly reduces the risk of subsequent incarceration and is associated with significantly longer intervals that offenders remain on the street and out of prison. As the first study to provide individual-level evidence promoting legitimacy-based interventions on patterns of individual offending, out study suggests these interventions can and do reduce rates of recidivism. 相似文献
24.
Many states use a broad legal definition of domestic violence that includes intimate partner violence along with family violence, and it is from this broader conceptualization that the criminal justice system intervenes and often treats all types of offenders in the same way. This judicial response can include a mandate to attend a Batterer Intervention Program-type group, which does little to address violence that occurs outside of the “traditional” partner violence paradigm. In order to advance interventions for physical partner violence that adequately address both male and female perpetration, as well as the broader conceptualization of domestic violence, we must align definitions and standards among researchers, service providers, advocates, policymakers, and the public health and criminal justice systems. Examples of how this misalignment has stalled progress in offender treatment are discussed and a plan for enabling continued innovation in the field is presented. 相似文献
25.
26.
According to critical literature, psychiatrization is a central feature of gendered social control. It operates in a twofold
process: by orienting women to medical institutions rather than the penal system, and, for those women who do enter the criminal
justice system, by favoring an interpretation of their behavior in terms of mental health problems. However, the production
of gendered social control cannot be reduced to institutional decision-making; it also leaves its traces in various discursive
forms. One such form is forensic psychiatrists' discourse on the offenders they evaluate. Our study analyzes these forensic
reports as units of a computerized database. Our goal is to gain insight into the text by means of systematic quantitative
and qualitative procedures. Even though the expert discourse is shaped by specifications requested by the court, the discourse
examined here constructs two very distinct identities that do not correspond to stereotyped conceptions about femininity and
masculinity. 相似文献
27.
Danielle Horyniak Peter Higgs Shelley Cogger Paul Dietze 《Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice》2017,15(2):185-204
Racialized policing and substance use are major issues faced by African young people in Australia. In-depth interviews with 18 refugee young people who use alcohol and/or drugs examined interactions with police. Status respect and human respect played important roles in interactions with police. Participants felt unfairly targeted by police and reported that they were disrespected by police through the use of discriminatory language, failing to differentiate between individuals leading to a sense of loss of self-identity, and stereotyping. Development and implementation of programs focusing on building mutual understanding and respect is needed to improve relations between refugee-background youth and police. 相似文献
28.
Meghan E. Hollis-Peel Danielle M. Reynald Maud van Bavel Henk Elffers Brandon C. Welsh 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2011,56(1):53-70
Cohen and Felson??s (Cohen and Felson American Sociological Review 44(4):588?C608, 1979) routine activity theory posits that for a crime to occur three necessary elements must converge in time and space: motivated offenders, suitable targets, and the absence of capable guardianship. Capable guardians can serve as a key actor in the crime event model; one who can disrupt, either directly or indirectly, the interaction between a motivated offender and a suitable target. This article critically reviews the literature on guardianship for crime prevention. Our specific focus is two-fold: (1) to review the way guardianship has been operationalized and measured, and (2) to review experimental and quasi-experimental evaluations and field tests of guardianship. Research on routine activities has had an uneven focus resulting in the neglect of the guardianship component (Reynald Crime Prevention and Community Safety 11(1):1?C20, 2009; Sampson et al. Security Journal 23(1):37?C51, 2010; Tewksbury and Mustaine Criminal Justice and Behavior 30(3):302?C327, 2003; Wilcox et al. Criminology 45(4):771?C803 2007). Evaluations of guardianship-related interventions demonstrate support for the theoretical construct; however, high-quality field tests of guardianship are wholly lacking. Implications for theory and research are discussed. 相似文献
29.
This paper will argue that the effectiveness of CPTED ought to be judged in terms of the extent to which it is successful
in facilitating opportunities for active guardianship of places. With this premise in mind, the CPTED component of surveillance
will provide the focal point of investigation. Reynald (Crime Prevention and Community Safety: An International Journal, 11(1):1-20, 2009, Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, 2010b) demonstrated that supervision or natural surveillance is one of the core dimensions of active guardianship in residential
areas. This paper will begin with an illustration of how the CPTED principles are translated into crime preventive action
in residential environments by using observational data to get a first-hand look at how CPTED functions in practice. The paper
will then go on to combine these field observations with interview data from residents themselves to show the ways in which
opportunities for the CPTED component of surveillance are affected, not simply by the design of the physical environment,
but also by the context in which the opportunities exist. These results will be used to critically reflect on some inherent
conflicts and points of neglect in the relationship between the components of surveillance, territoriality and image/maintenance,
as a means of airing some of the conceptual and practical weaknesses that may serve to limit the existing CPTED model. 相似文献
30.
Peter G Jaffe Claire V Crooks Maureen Reid Jennifer White Danielle Pugh-Markie Linda Baker 《社会福利与家庭法律杂志》2018,40(4):496-514
ABSTRACTThe overwhelming number and complexity of domestic violence cases in criminal and family courts has resulted in the development of education programmes to assist judges. There is limited research on judicial education in this area. This paper reviews one such initiative entitled ‘Enhancing Judicial Skills in Domestic Violence Cases’ (EJS) that has been developed and implemented over the last 20 years by the National Judicial Institute on Domestic Violence, a partnership of the US Department of Justice Office on Violence Against Women, National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges and Futures Without Violence. We present findings of a preliminary evaluation of the programme based on the self-reports of 480 judges who had taken the four-day workshop between 2006 and 2010. Overall, judges reported the programme to be engaging and effective. At a six-month follow‐up, most of the judges identified specific benefits and behavior changes in the areas of access to justice, judicial leadership, victim safety, and abuser accountability as a result of participating in the programme. Critical issues in judicial education are highlighted based on the authors’ experiences in the development and implementation of this programme. 相似文献