全文获取类型
收费全文 | 6804篇 |
免费 | 221篇 |
专业分类
各国政治 | 430篇 |
工人农民 | 197篇 |
世界政治 | 618篇 |
外交国际关系 | 906篇 |
法律 | 2748篇 |
中国政治 | 59篇 |
政治理论 | 1992篇 |
综合类 | 75篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 41篇 |
2022年 | 28篇 |
2021年 | 54篇 |
2020年 | 103篇 |
2019年 | 149篇 |
2018年 | 167篇 |
2017年 | 195篇 |
2016年 | 200篇 |
2015年 | 115篇 |
2014年 | 209篇 |
2013年 | 1084篇 |
2012年 | 225篇 |
2011年 | 264篇 |
2010年 | 230篇 |
2009年 | 250篇 |
2008年 | 217篇 |
2007年 | 262篇 |
2006年 | 226篇 |
2005年 | 262篇 |
2004年 | 278篇 |
2003年 | 254篇 |
2002年 | 262篇 |
2001年 | 124篇 |
2000年 | 117篇 |
1999年 | 99篇 |
1998年 | 90篇 |
1997年 | 93篇 |
1996年 | 89篇 |
1995年 | 92篇 |
1994年 | 94篇 |
1993年 | 79篇 |
1992年 | 86篇 |
1991年 | 94篇 |
1990年 | 62篇 |
1989年 | 65篇 |
1988年 | 65篇 |
1987年 | 63篇 |
1986年 | 67篇 |
1985年 | 62篇 |
1984年 | 53篇 |
1983年 | 62篇 |
1982年 | 48篇 |
1981年 | 57篇 |
1980年 | 39篇 |
1979年 | 37篇 |
1978年 | 32篇 |
1977年 | 33篇 |
1976年 | 30篇 |
1974年 | 15篇 |
1967年 | 14篇 |
排序方式: 共有7025条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
961.
This study examined the in vitro stability of 6-acetylmorphine (6AM) in horse blood, sheep vitreous humour (VH) and homogenised deer muscle stored under different storage conditions. The stability of 6AM in horse blood is of interest because many toxicological laboratories utilise this matrix for the preparation of blood calibration and check standards and the latter are typically stored during routine use. Data on the storage stability of 6AM in human VH is extremely limited and no data has been reported in muscle. In the absence of human samples, 6AM stability was demonstrated in sheep vitreous and deer muscle. Blood and VH were stored with and without NaF at room temperature (RT), 4 and -18°C for 84 days. Muscle tissue homogenates were prepared in water with and without NaF and also in phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) containing NaF. Homogenates were stored for 31 days at RT, 4 and -18°C. Morphine and 6AM were extracted using SPE and quantified by GC-ion trap-MS/MS. In the absence of NaF, 6AM could not be detected after 7 and 14 days in blood stored at RT and 4°C, respectively. Although at -18°C 6AM was stable for 7 days (12% loss), only 54% was detected by day 84. The addition of NaF to horse blood increased 6AM stability substantially at every temperature. Further, the rate of degradation was found to be significantly slower in blood preserved with 2% NaF compared with 1% NaF (p=.05). 6AM was stable for the study period in preserved blood (1 and 2% NaF) stored at -18°C. For laboratories utilising horse blood in the preparation of standards, preservation with 1% NaF (minimum) and storage at -18°C is recommended. The addition of NaF to VH was essential for 6AM stability. Irrespective of temperature substantial losses (≥ 42%) were observed in unpreserved sheep VH by day 7. In preserved VH the concentration declined by only 22% on day 7 following storage at RT and no loss observed in VH stored at 4 and -18°C at the same time. In muscle, 6AM was stable for 7 days in preserved samples stored at RT and in all samples stored at 4°C and below. The addition of NaF increased the stability of 6AM substantially in muscle. The increased stability of 6AM in VH and muscle preserved with fluoride was attributed to inhibition of bacterial action and the subsequent reduction in the rate of putrefaction of these tissues. 相似文献
962.
David O. Brink 《Ratio juris》2012,25(4):496-512
This article examines whether a retributivist conception of punishment implies legal moralism and asks what liberalism implies about retributivism and moralism. It makes a case for accepting the weak retributivist thesis that culpable wrongdoing creates a pro tanto case for blame and punishment and the weak moralist claim that moral wrongdoing creates a pro tanto case for legal regulation. This weak moralist claim is compatible with the liberal claim that the legal enforcement of morality is rarely all‐thing‐considered desirable. Though weak moralism has some plausibility, it does not follow from weak retributivism if legitimate state functions are limited in certain ways. 相似文献
963.
NA Elbers KA van Wees AJ Akkermans P Cuijpers DJ Bruinvels 《Psychological injury and law》2012,5(1):89-94
Personal injury victims involved in compensation processes have a worse recovery than those not involved in compensation processes.
One predictor for worse recovery is lawyer engagement. As some people argue that this negative relation between lawyer engagement
and recovery may be explained by lawyers’ attitude and communications to clients, it seems important to investigate lawyer–client
interaction. Although procedural justice and therapeutic jurisprudence had previously discussed aspects relevant for lawyer–client
interaction, the client’s perspective has been rather ignored and only few empirical studies have been conducted. In this
qualitative study, 21 traffic accident victims were interviewed about their experiences with their lawyer. Five desirable
characteristics for lawyers were identified: communication, empathy, decisiveness, independence, and expertise. Communication
and empathy corresponded with aspects already discussed in literature, whereas decisiveness, independence and expertise had
been addressed only marginally. Further qualitative and quantitative research is necessary to establish preferable lawyer
characteristics and to investigate what would improve the well-being of personal injury victims during the claims settlement
process. 相似文献
964.
This article lays out the case for why Washington's European allies are incapable, both now and in the foreseeable future, of replacing American military leadership. Despite recent substantial force contributions in Iraq and Afghanistan and small-scale interventions in Africa, European military capabilities are limited, declining, and unlikely to rebound, regardless of whether the United States is in strategic retreat. As a result, the United States faces a bleak choice: not whether to trade American global leadership for an equally benevolent European world order, but whether to give up its mantle of leadership and thereby create a void that may be filled by unfriendly, if not overtly hostile, actors. 相似文献
965.
Gnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 AD) is a man for our times. Facing the capriciousness of imperial power, he, a successful provincial Roman governor, chose to withdraw from public administration. Yet, by protecting his family, Agricola did not shirk politics. On the contrary, he retreated to the founding cell of any polity, the family, which buttresses and at the same time limits the state. By doing so, Agricola reached greatness despite living under bad emperors. 相似文献
966.
Edward M. RocheAuthor VitaeMichael J. BlaineAuthor Vitae 《Orbis》2014,58(2):282-296
Cyber weapons now are an extension of state power. In hopes of gaining a strategic advantage, many countries including the United States, Russia and China are developing offensive cyber capabilities to disrupt political, economic, and social institutions in competitor nations. These activities have led to a cyber arms race that is spiraling out of control. This imminent global threat challenges the international community to be proactive. The purpose of this article is to propose an international convention to throttle the development, proliferation and use of cyber weapons before they cause electronic Armageddon. We begin by examining three successful efforts in arms control and use the lessons learned to draft a convention that can serve as a starting point for formal multilateral negotiations. 相似文献
967.
Carl Cavanagh HodgeAuthor Vitae 《Orbis》2014,58(3):392-412
The article examines the reorientation of the defense policy of the United States, initiated during the Bush and Obama Administrations, toward giving increased priority to the Asia Pacific region. It begins with the historical perspective of the development of American naval power in the twentieth century. The world wars, in which Europe represented the primary theater of conflict, had the effect of shifting a greater share of American military assets toward the Euro-Atlantic theatre, while the onset of the Cold War after 1945 required the United States to develop a navy of truly global strategic reach in which Atlantic and Pacific commitments were kept in balance. With the diminished concern for European security since the end of the Cold War and the emergence of the People's Republic of China as a strategic competitor in the Asia Pacific region, the United States is required in an age of defense austerity to refocus attention again to the Pacific. 相似文献
968.
Kori SchakeAuthor Vitae 《Orbis》2014,58(3):310-325
The American defense establishment has come to think of itself as the victim of complex and demanding threats, political irresponsibility and public apathy. While true, such conditions are often the case in American history. “Don’t fight the problem” is a standard instruction in war games. The Department of Defense should adopt that approach with its budget and strategy: stop submitting budgets in excess of legislated limits and devise a strategy consistent with them. It should explore alternative ways to achieve policy objectives, develop a concrete means of assessing risk, and on that basis build greater support for its preferred strategy. 相似文献
969.
David Millar 《Development in Practice》2014,24(5-6):637-647
This article aims to provide knowledge and practical guidance to managing and implementing within the framework of endogenous development. The paper gives a theoretical overview of endogenous development, linked to issues of globalisation and poverty, and ongoing work among European institutions and academics that suggest shifts in Europe from exogenous to endogenous development approaches. It then makes a case for a paradigm shift – an African alternative to modernisation and development, namely endogenous development – using experiences with two NGOs in Ghana and Zimbabwe to locate theory in practice. The paper concludes with some empirical pre-requisites for conducting endogenous development with rural communities.This article is prompted by the requests of my students at the University for Development Studies, Ghana, for knowledge and information, and practical guidance to managing and implementing within the framework of endogenous development. I start by giving a theoretical overview of the concept of endogenous development and link it with current issues of globalisation and poverty. I briefly mention current work among European institutions and academics that suggest shifts in Europe from exogenous to endogenous development approaches. Encouraged by such developments, I then make a case for a paradigm shift – an African alternative to modernisation and development, endogenous development. I bring to light the experiences with endogenous development in two NGOs – CECIK (Ghana) and AZTREC (Zimbabwe) – in order to locate theory in practice (praxis). I conclude by providing some empirical prerequisites for conducting endogenous development with rural communities, which demonstrate one way of conducting experimentation with farmers within the context of endogenous development. 相似文献
970.
Stephen Chaudoin David Thomas Smith Johannes Urpelainen 《The Review of International Organizations》2014,9(4):441-469
Because a significant portion of the American electorate identify themselves as evangelical Christians, the evangelical position on climate policy is important to determining the role the United States could play in global climate cooperation. Do evangelicals oppose all climate policies, or are they particularly opposed to certain types of policies? We argue that American evangelicals oppose climate policy due to their distrust of international cooperation and institutions, which has been a prominent feature of evangelical politics since the beginning of the Cold War. Using data from the 2011 Faith and Global Policy Challenges survey and the 2010 Chicago Council Global View survey, we find support for the theory. Evangelicals are equally likely to support domestic climate policy as other Americans, but they are significantly less likely to support international treaties on climate cooperation. The findings suggest that proponents of climate policy could win more evangelicals to their side by focusing on domestic action, instead of multilateral negotiations or international institutions. 相似文献