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981.
982.
Joshua Graff Zivin Richard E. Just David Zilberman 《International Review of Law and Economics》2005,25(4):604-623
This paper investigates the performance of liability rules in two-party stochastic externality problems where negotiations are feasible and side payments are based on the realized level of externalities. Results show that an increase in polluter liability does not necessarily increase safety or efficiency in cases where the polluter is risk neutral. Complete polluter liability is found to yield Pareto optimality. When either party is risk averse, an increase in polluter liability may sometimes reduce safety and efficiency. If the polluter is risk neutral and the victim is risk averse, Pareto optimality is only achieved by assigning full liability on the polluter, i.e. giving the victim complete property rights to a clean environment. If the polluter is risk averse and the victim is risk neutral, no level of polluter liability is optimal. In this case, optimality can only be achieved through a contract on abatement activities, such that the risk-averse polluter receives a guaranteed payment regardless of the stochastic outcome. 相似文献
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David Chandler 《Global Society》2008,22(4):519-529
This rejoinder to John O'Brennan reasserts the case that the EU enlargement process has a depoliticising effect, which weakens the connections between Western Balkan states and their societies. It suggests that O'Brennan's response is more apologia than analysis; evading issues raised by asymmetrical relations of power between the EU and Western Balkans states. Here the EU is idealised, with the ascribed status of a “normative actor” projecting power merely through “soft power” mechanisms. The points raised in rejoinder seek to clarify that the more “muscular” use of conditionality and direct management of policy reforms inevitably limit the possibilities for public and political debate and consensus-making. Moreover, they distance political elites from their societies. In particular, the use of political conditionality is highlighted, to demonstrate that whether “hard” powers of imposition or “soft” powers of conditionality are used matters less to those on the receiving end of external imposition than to the EU itself, which has attempted to distance itself from its use of executive powers in the region. 相似文献
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The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below. Key points
1. Introduction
The Asian and Russian financial crises in 1998 and the Argentineeconomic crisis of 2001 and the claims brought against some. . . [Full Text of this Article]
2. Development of international law on capital transfers
3. Analysis of capital transfer restrictions under modern investment treaties
Main approaches on capital transfers under investment treaties Application of the doctrine of necessity under international law to capital transfer measures Capital transfer restriction measures and indirect expropriation Other investment obligations, in particular fair and equitable treatment Transparency and the protection of legitimate expectations Freedom from coercion and harassment Procedural propriety Protection against arbitrariness: discrimination and national treatment Good faith
4. Remedies and compensation
5. Conclusion
相似文献
- Capital liberalization was the norm of internationaleconomic relations until the Economic Depression of the 1930swhen exchange restrictions became an important instrument ofeconomic policy of many countries.
- The IMF Articles of Agreementwere the outcome of efforts by several countries to providean acceptable international legal framework that would minimizethe negative impact of exchange restrictions while at the sametime preserving the right of Member States to impose exchangerestrictions when faced with balance-of-payment problems.
- Thatposition is to a large extent maintained by most modern investmenttreaties although subject to heightened scrutiny by internationalarbitral tribunals under the disciplines of expropriation, nationaltreatment and fair and equitable treatment standards among othersin order to protect investors interests whilst safeguardinghost states, regulatory autonomy.
990.