Balancing police budgets and decision making: an experiment in disentanglement

Abstract: In examining the relationship between municipal and provincial government authority over policing in Ontario, this article explores a specific project which has generated a substantial amount of interest, and controversy, around the issue of control of municipal police budgets. It will further scrutinize the process undertaken by the Expert Panel on Municipal Police Services Budgets in developing and advancing its recommendations as an interesting and instructive innovation in government decision making. The article will summarize and elaborate on the work of the Expert Panel, formed in March 1992, as the first enterprise in the disentanglement process embarked on by the Ontario provincial government, in partnership with the Association of Municipalities of Ontario, to review and rationalize a wide spectrum of provincial/local relationships with an aim to achieve greater efficiency, effectiveness, and client service. The issue of financial control over municipal police services is one of considerable importance in Ontario to both the municipal sector and the policing community. By considering the work of the Expert Panel as an exercise in disentanglement, within the context of the “vigilant problem-solving approach” formulated by Irving Jnnis, this article attempts to provide specific insight and guidance to other practitioners in the realm of public policy making, as well as to capture the processes and proceedings of this particular undertaking. Sommaire: Cet article examine le rapport entre les autorités provinciales et municipales qui exercent le contrôle de la police en Ontario; il s'intéresse à un projet particulier qui a suscité discussion et controverse en ce qui concerne le contrôle des budgets municipaux de police. Il examine par ailleurs le processus entrepris par le groupe d'experts en matière de budgets municipaux de services policiers pour formuler ses recommandations, processus qui constitue une innovation intéressante et instructive pour la prise de décisions gouvernementales. L'article résume et analyse le travail du groupe d'experts mis sur pied en mars 1992, première étape du processus de démêlement des rôles entrepris par le gouvernement de l'Ontario, en partenariat avec l'Association des municipalités de l'Ontario, afin d'examiner et de rationaliser une vaste gamme de relations provinciales-locales pour augmenter l'efficacité et améliorer le service à la clientèle. La question du contrôle financier des services policiers municipaux revêt beaucoup d'importance en Ontario, tant pour le secteur municipal que pour la collectivité policière. En considérant le travail du groupe d'experts comme étant un exercice de démêlement des rôles, dans le contexte de “ l'approche vigilante de résolution de problèmes ” formulée par Irving Janis, cet article essaie d'offrir aux autres praticiens de la prise de décisions publiques à la fois des explications et des façons de faire, tout en cernant les processus et méthodes de cet effort particulier.     

Crimmigration at the Local Level: Criminal Justice Processes in the Shadow of Deportation

In recent decades, authorities have adopted a number of programs that tether the criminal and immigration enforcement apparatuses in novel ways. This mixed methods case study assesses the impact of such programs on local criminal justice processes and outcomes in King County, Washington. Although the empirical research on the effects of such programs is scant, the emerging literature on legal hybridity suggests that the enmeshment of the criminal and immigration systems is likely to enhance the state's power to detain and punish. The quantitative results support this hypothesis: non‐citizens flagged by immigration authorities stay in jail significantly longer than their similarly situated counterparts. Qualitative focus group interviews with prosecuting and defense attorneys identify four key mechanisms by which Immigration Customs and Enforcement detainers alter the incentive structure, impact decisionmaking, and extend jail stays for non‐citizens. Together, these findings suggest that immigration law and the threat of deportation now cast a long shadow over local as well as federal criminal proceedings, and enhance penal pain for non‐citizens. Implications of these findings for the “crimmigration” literature and research on the effect of citizenship status on criminal justice outcomes are discussed.     

The Russian Election of 1993: Public Opinion and the Transition Experience

Two British specialists on Russia report the results of a nationwide survey of 2,030 Russian adults, randomly chosen from each of 50 provinces of the Russian Federation. A survey instrument containing 300 questions was administered in face-to-face interviews during summer 1993, and explored attitudes toward the market, privatization, social order, minority rights, and nationalism. Testing three alternative explanations for the results of the December 1993 Russian elections, the authors present a nuanced argument that the Russian public has been drawing negative lessons about market democracy from the transition itself, as experienced since January 1992. A higher voter turnout, they find, would have augmented the strength of anti-government parties and candidates. Journal of Economic literature, Classification Numbers: H19, P29     

Promoting Learning and Critical Reflexivity Through an Organizational Case Study Project

Engaging students directly with community partners can foster deeper learning and critical reflexivity. In our undergraduate seminar in “Understanding Human Service Organizations,” we developed a community-based project that has students working in groups to study local human service organizations. Students interview organizational staff, observe operations, and review documents to identify perceived organizational strengths and challenges and offer humble solutions based on course material and outside research. A key component of the course is the critically reflexive journal. Using a structured reflection guide, students describe and analyze their experience in relation to class concepts and examine their personal beliefs and assumptions. This approach is one teaching strategy that has the potential for promoting the critical awareness and reflective practice skills we seek in our students.     

The Ludwig Martens–Maxim Litvinov Connection, 1919–1921

Research began when the author realized that Antony Sutton had misidentified the author of a key document published in his Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution (1974). This article reports on the interception by federal agents of the document (a letter) brought from the Copenhagen office of Soviet diplomat Maxim Litvinov and intended for Kenneth Durant who was employed by Ludwig Martens, Lenin's unrecognized representative in New York City. Analysis of the letter revealed the true author and opened a research channel for learning more about the backgrounds of three Soviet agents: Bornett Bobroff, Nora Hellgren, and Wilfred Humphries.