Global forces and local effects in youth justice: The case of Moroccan youngsters in Netherlands

Muncie recently argued for the emergence of ‘something of a global youth juvenile justice’ to explain considerable homogenisation of youth justice in many countries. Global forces upon youth justice are particularly discernable in the Netherlands, either via policy transfer or policy diffusion but also and perhaps mainly through a process of ‘otherisation’ of ethnic minority youngsters of Moroccan descent that are highly overrepresented in police contacts and detention rates. This paper argues that an analysis of youth crime and youth justice needs to consider the dialectic processes of globalisation. It needs to be sensitive to its local effects, as well as to the ways in which ethnic minority youngsters engage in offending behaviour that may well be framed as rebellious transnational identity work.     

Effect of Organizational Support on Police Effectiveness and Behavior: a Cross-cultural Comparison

Organizational support has received considerable attention in the academic literature. However, in policing, this area of research has received limited attention. The present study surveyed police officers from two countries to investigate how officers’ perception of organizational support influence their sense of effectiveness and behavior. Findings revealed significant cultural differences in the perception of organizational support and its impact on perceived effectiveness and behavior in the two countries. Policy implications of the findings are discussed.     

Sanctioning corporate crime: How do business executives and the public compare?

Previous literature on attitudes toward the punishment or seriousness of criminal behavior has largely neglected to focus systematically upon five issues: (1) public perceptions of corporate illegality rather than perceptions of street crime or other forms of white-collar lawlessness; (2) how evaluations are conditioned by the degree of culpability and harm an offense involves; (3) the circumstances under which citizens will support the use of legal sanctions against an individual executive as opposed to a corporate entity; (4) the public's willingness to support criminal as opposed to civil intervention into various kinds of illegal corporate activities; and (5) how business executives' attitudes toward corporate legal sanctioning compare to those held by the general public. Through a survey of residents and business executives in a midwestern metropolitan area, an attempt was made to shed light on these issues. The analysis revealed a pervasive willingness among the sample to embrace the use of civil sanctions against corporations regardless of the circumstances surrounding the conduct being rated. By contrast, advocacy of civil remedies against executives and criminal penalties against either the corporation or its executives was found to vary considerably according to the culpability and harm manifested by a given illegal act. Also, public support for sanctioning corporate behavior was consistently higher than the support evidenced by executives, especially where the sanctions were directed at individual corporate managers.     

契约为何必须遵守

在法学和伦理学领域 ,“契约必须遵守”一直被视为是不能继续追问的先验性命题。本文利用博弈论的分析工具 ,为初级形态的社会秩序的生成 (从冲突到和平的过程 )提供一种模型化解释 ,并对侵犯行为的发生以及和平契约的缔结进行了细致的分析 ,进而在逻辑上回答了“契约为何必须遵守”的问题。