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241.
Redonna K. Chandler Michael L. Dennis Nabila El-Bassel Robert P. Schwartz Gary Field 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2009,5(3):323-344
Data and safety monitoring boards (DSMBs) provide independent oversight to bio-medical clinical trials, ensuring safe and
ethical treatment of research participants, data quality, and credibility of study findings. Recently, the type of research
monitored by DSMBs has been expanded to include randomized clinical trials of behavioral and psychosocial interventions in
community and justice based settings. This paper focuses on the development and role of a DSMB created by the National Institute
on Drug Abuse (NIDA) to monitor six multi-site clinical trials conducted within the Criminal Justice–Drug Abuse Treatment
Studies (CJ-DATS). We believe this is one of the first such applications of formal DSMBs in justice settings. Special attention
is given to developing processes for measuring and monitoring a range of implementation issues for research conducted within
criminal justice settings. Lessons learned and recommendations to enhance future DSMB work within this area are discussed. 相似文献
242.
American Journal of Criminal Justice - This paper reports the results of two studies of the impact of gun control measures on violent criminal behavior among persons age 18 to 20. The first study... 相似文献
243.
This study investigates how barriers to school-based crime prevention programming moderate the effects of situational crime prevention (SCP) policies on levels of violent crime in U.S. public high schools. Using data from the 2008 School Survey on Crime and Safety, we estimate a series of negative binomial regression models with interactions to investigate whether the effects of SCP policies on violent crime vary by the presence of school-based barriers to crime prevention, such as poor teacher training, inadequate funds, and lack of parental support. Our results indicate that the effect of certain SCP policies operate differently depending on the presence or absence of specific limiting factors. Policy implications of this research suggest that schools can aid in preventing violent crime by addressing obstacles to the effective implementation of school crime prevention efforts. 相似文献
244.
Lauren A. Decker M.D. Gary M. Hatch M.D. Sarah L. Lathrop D.V.M. Ph.D. Kurt B. Nolte M.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2018,63(5):1401-1405
We explored the value of postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) to augment autopsy in evaluating strangulation fatalities. A literature search identified 16 studies describing autopsy findings in 576 deaths and two studies describing autopsy and PMCT findings in six deaths. Similar cases were identified from our institution, yielding 130 deaths with autopsy findings and 14 deaths with both autopsy and PMCT findings. The presence of laryngohyoid fracture and soft tissue hemorrhage was compared from autopsy and autopsy+PMCT cases. The detection rates of fractures in autopsy and autopsy+PMCT cases were not significantly different. PMCT identified all fractures observed at autopsy and five fractures not identified. While PMCT may not detect soft tissue injuries in decomposed remains or subtle internal hemorrhages in neck injury, it is equally able to detect bony injuries as autopsy and might surpass autopsy in detecting subtle fractures. We conclude PMCT is useful to supplement autopsy in strangulation cases. 相似文献
245.
Effectiveness of a risk–need–responsivity‐based treatment program for violent and sexual offenders: Results of a retrospective,quasi‐experimental study
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Katharina Seewald Astrid Rossegger Juliane Gerth Frank Urbaniok Gary Phillips Jérôme Endrass 《Legal and Criminological Psychology》2018,23(1):85-99
Purpose
Relapse prevention is an important goal in correctional settings. Although there is strong evidence for the effectiveness of certain treatment programs for juvenile offenders, those for adults lack such evidence. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a risk–need–responsivity (RNR)‐based intervention.Methods
A quasi‐experimental, observational study design and cox regression analysis were used to compare treated violent and sexual offenders (n = 171) with untreated offenders (n = 241).Results
Both groups were observed for an average of 7.9 years. Recidivism rates of treated offenders (11.7%, n = 20) were similar to those of control offenders (15.8%, n = 38; p = .25). When controlling for confounding variables, the hazard of recidivism in the treatment group was 5.2% lower than that in the control group. Subdividing the treatment group resulted in lower hazard ratios for offenders still in therapy when released and offenders cancelling therapy. However, none of the group differences was statistically significant.Conclusion
Our results show that control and RNR‐based treatment groups had comparable recidivism rates with a trend towards a positive treatment effect, especially for people in outpatient treatment. However, criminal history, age at the start of follow‐up, and actuarial risk of recidivism were significantly associated with recidivism. Future research needs to apply elaborate methodological approaches to detect robust treatment effects and consider different criteria of treatment effectiveness. Furthermore, the influence of prison climate, motivational factors, intervention quality, and factors supporting the success of outpatient treatment should be considered in future studies of larger offender samples. 相似文献246.
The U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling concerning suggestive eyewitness identification procedures (Manson v. Braithwaite, 1977, 432 U.S. 98) has not been revisited by the Court in the intervening 30+ years. Meanwhile, scientific studies of eyewitnesses
have progressed and DNA exonerations show that mistaken identification is the primary cause of convictions of the innocent.
We analyzed the two-inquiry logic in Manson in light of eyewitness science. Several problems are discussed. Ironically, we note that suggestive identification procedures
(determined in the first inquiry) boost the eyewitnesses’ standing on three of the five criteria (used in the second inquiry)
that are used to decide whether the suggestive procedures were a problem. The net effect undermines safeguards intended by
the Court and destroys incentives to avoid suggestive procedures.
相似文献
Gary L. WellsEmail: |
247.
Shawn D. Bushway Gary Sweeten Paul Nieuwbeerta 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2009,25(3):259-286
Criminal career researchers and developmental criminologists have identified describing individual trajectories of offending
over time as a key research question. In response, recently various statistical methods have been developed and used to describe
individual offending patterns over the life-course. Two approaches that are prominent in the current literature are standard
growth curve modeling (GCM) and group-based trajectory models (GTM). The goal of this paper is to explore ways in which these
different models with different sets of assumptions, do in fact lead to different outcomes on individual trajectories. Using
a particularly rich dataset, the criminal career and life-course study, we estimate a unique trajectory for each individual
in the sample using the GCM and GTM. We also estimate separate trajectories for each individual directly using the long time
series. We then compare these three separate trajectories for each individual. We find that the average trajectories obtained
from the different approaches match each other. However, for any given individual, these approaches tell very different stories.
For example, each method identifies a rather different set of individuals as desistors. This comparison highlights the strengths
and weaknesses of each approach, and more broadly, it reveals the uncertainty involved with measuring long term patterns of
change in latent propensity to commit crimes.
相似文献
Shawn D. BushwayEmail: |
248.
Gary E. Marché 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2009,51(5):463-486
Building on Klockars et. al. (2000) analysis of survey data on police agency integrity, this analysis develops an economic model of police corruption within
police agencies. Empirical estimates of the economic model are consistent with Klockars et. al. (2000) in that there is no evidence to support the traditional theory that police agency corruption is attributable to the “individual
bad-apple.” Independent of other factors, the present analysis shows that police culture fosters corruption. Furthermore,
the present analysis shows that incentive structures within police agencies increase the problem of corruption as the scale
of police agency operation increases. Policies that would promote higher levels of integrity are considered. 相似文献
249.
250.