"Europe with the Regions": Channels of Regional Representation in the European Union

One of the most important consequences of European integrationis the multiplication of extra-national channels for subnationalpolitical activity. Territorial relations are being transformed:national slates are losing control over important areas of decisionmaking, a variety of new channels have been created for regionalmobilization, and subnational governmentsare engaged in innovative,transnational, patterns of interaction. Regions, however, donot engage in these activities equally. There is no congruencein the political role of cities, municipalities, and regionsin the European Union. On the contrary, there are enormous differencesinthe level of organization, financial resources, politicalautonomy, and political influence of subnational governmentsacross Europe. The result is the unfolding of common threadsof change against a background of persisting variation.     

Ontario's Urban Transportation Development Corporation: a case study in privatization

Abstract: The privatization of government-owned corporations reflects both the trend towards a greater reliance on the market, and attempts to better manage the public sector. But while advocates of privatization assume that it will readily yield gains in efficiency, a number of problems arise if governments seek to pursue public policy goals following privatization. The Ontario Liberal government's privatization of the Urban Transportation Development Corporation illustrates the difficulty in completely disentangling the government and the corporation. Complicated links between the utdc and the government have evolved since its creation which were essential to the performance of the utdc either as a public or as a private corporation. Furthermore, the government sought to continue to protect employment using the utdc after privatization in addition to the utdc's original goal of promoting high technology in the field of urban mass transit. The resulting agreement between the government and the buyer, Lavalin, is a complex deal in which the government retains a substantial interest in the new firm. Rather than a sharp break between the government and the firm, what occurred was a change in the mix of instruments used by the government. Sommaire: La privatisation des sociétés d'État à fonction de gestion commerciales reflète deux tendances: une plus grande confiance dans le marché et une tentative de mieux gérer le secteur public. Pourtant, tandis que les tenants de la privatisation partent du principe que celle-ci entraînera immédiatement une plus grande efficacité, un certain nombre de problèmes se posent dès lors que les gouvernements cherchent à poursuivre des objectifs de politique publique après la privatisation. La privatisation de la Société de développement du transport urbain (stdu) par le gouvernement libéral de l'Ontario illustre les difficultés qu'il y a à complètement dissocier la société d'État du gouvernement. Depuis la création de la stdu, les liens complexes qui unissent celle-ci au gouvernement ont évolué. Ces liens qui étaient essentiels au bon fonctionnement de la stdu aussi bien comme société publique que comme société privée. De plus, après la privatisation le gouvernement a essayé de protéger l'emploi en s'appuyant sur la stdu malgré le fait que celle-ci avait pour objectif premier de promouvoir une technologie de pointe dans le secteur du transport urbain en commun. L'entente qui a été conclue entre le gouvernement et l'acheteur, la société Lavalin, est un accord complexe selon lequel le gouvernementgarde des intérêts importants dans la nouvelle société. Il n'y a pas eu une cassure nette entre le gouvernement et la société; ce sont plutôt les moyens dont se sert le gouvernement qui ont changé.     

Forensic Mental Health Clinical Evaluation: An Analysis of Interstate and Intersystemic Differences

Forensic mental health evaluation systems have undergone major changes during the past two decades, and the variability of service delivery systems across states is significant. We compared assessments of competence to stand trial and criminal responsibility in three states with different systems for forensic mental health evaluations: Michigan, Ohio, and Virginia. Although all three states use comparable legal criteria to judge competence and criminal responsibility, we found large, statistically significant differences among the states in the proportion of defendants referred for evaluation who were assessed as incompetent or not criminally responsible. In addition, significant differences were found in the diagnostic and offense categories of defendants referred for evaluation. Our findings suggest that the structure of a system for providing forensic evaluation services may significantly affect both the group of individuals referred for evaluation as well as evaluation outcome.     

The law is a good thing (psychology is,too)

Psycholegal studies have been hampered by the lack of a theory to guide the choice of topics for research. Both judicial decision making and psychological research would be enhanced by emphasis on subjective experience in determining the scope of fundamental rights and fostering a legal system consonant with human dignity and responsive to social reality. International human rights law is presented as an example of the feasibility and utility of psychological jurisprudence. This article is based on a presidential address to the American Psychology-Law Society at the meeting of the American Psychological Association in August 1991, in San Francisco.     

The effects of defendant dress and supervision on judgments of simulated jurors: An exploratory study

Two studies explored the biasing effect of defendant dress (personal/institutional) and supervision (armed/no supervision) on juror judgments of guilt and recommended sentence using 2×2 between-subjects factorial designs. University students in study 1 and registered voters in study 2 watched a videotape of a reenacted criminal trial, then made judgments of defendant guilt and recommended sentences. Results in both studies revealed significant bias against defendants in personal dress with armed supervision and institutional dress with no supervision. Discussion focuses on the appropriateness of models of attribution and equity in describing subjects' discretionary processes, the nature of an unexpected sympathy effect for the defendant in institutional dress with armed supervision, and the practical implications of the findings. Specific needs for future research in this area are also addressed.Funds for both studies were provided by a Faculty Research Grant from the University of Missouri at Kansas City. The authors wish to thank Edwina Dorch and Devin Powers for their assistance with data collection.     

Excusing Addiction

Law and Philosophy -