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991.
Players are assumed to rank each other as coalition partners. Two processes of coalition formation are defined and illustrated:BU coalitions are stable in the sense that no member would prefer to be in another coalition, whereas FB coalitions, whose members need not rank each other highest, may not be stable. BU coalitions are bimodally distributed in a random society, with peaks around simple majority and unanimity; the distributions of majorities in the US Supreme Court and in the US House of Representatives follow this pattern. The dynamics of real-life coalition-formation processes are illustrated by two Supreme Court cases.
相似文献
- Fallback (FB): Players seek coalition partners by descending lower and lower in their preference rankings until some majority coalition, all of whose members consider each other mutually acceptable, forms.
- Build-up (BU): Same descent as FB, except only majorities whose members rank each other highest form coalitions.
992.
For all the recent discussion on the virtues and vices of public deliberation, surprisingly little attention has been given
to how deliberative procedures actually operate in different policy contexts. This article takes up this task with a specific
focus on how deliberative designs such as citizens' juries and consensus conferences interface with their participatory context.
The concept of the participatory storyline is developed to describe the competing narratives associated with a policy issue on who constitutes the public” and how “they”
should be represented and involved in the policy process. An analysis of two Australian cases reveals how existing participatory
storylines can productively or destructively influence deliberative forums. The empirical research suggests that a more productive
deliberative procedure is one that supports or “speaks to” existing narratives on what constitutes public participation. Under
these conditions key policy actors are more likely to engage in the deliberative process and endorse its outcomes. Some suggestions
are provided for how practitioners can better anticipate the way a deliberative forum might interface with its participatory
context. 相似文献
993.
“Institutionalized science ethics” refers to the statutory, professional and institution-based ethical standards that guide
and constrain scientists' research work. The primary institution responsible for implementing institutionalized science ethics
is the Institutional Review Board. We examine the limitations of IRBs and institutionalized science ethics, using bureaucratic
theory and, especially, theory related to the development and enactment of rules. We suggest that due to the very character
of rules-based systems, improvements in IRB outcomes are unlikely to be achieved through either more or better rules or even
by bureaucratic reform. Instead, we suggest that improvements in human subject protection can best be advanced through increased
participation. Ours is not a call for more participation by the general public but participation, via “Participant Review
Boards” of persons who are eligible, by the protocols of the research in question, to serve as subjects. This provides a level
of legitimacy and face validity that cannot be obtained by IRB affiliates, even by “external representatives.” In making these
points, we review a recent science ethics controversy, the KKI/Johns Hopkins lead paint study. In spite of being approved
by IRBs, the study resulted in a civil lawsuit that reached the Maryland Court of Appeals. The case illustrates the limits
of institutionalized science ethics and the bureaucracies created for their enactment. The case also underscores the complex
and equivocal nature of the ethical guidelines established under the National Research Act.
We are grateful to – for providing helpful comments on an earlier draft. 相似文献
994.
In a recent paper, we posited that tolerance and intolerance judgments are characterized by two forms of variance. First,
the distinction between tolerance and intolerance is dichotomous in that individuals are or are not willing to extend the
full rights of citizenship to all others without exception. Second, among those not so willing, variance exists in the breadth
and depth of their intolerance. James Gibson challenges our view, arguing that we have advanced a fundamental shift in how
tolerance is conceptualized, and that this shift is not warranted empirically because very few Americans are tolerant under
our definition. In this response, we first outline the rationale for why our view does not constitute a significant shift
in the conceptualization of tolerance, but rather is merely an effort to pull the empirical treatment of tolerance into alignment
with the concept’s common definition. Second, we explain that Gibson’s finding that few Americans are tolerant gains noteworthy
meaning and significance from the view of tolerance we present. Lastly, we demonstrate that new insight on the antecedents
of tolerance and intolerance emerges when analyses attend to the two-part structure of tolerance judgments highlighted in
our research. 相似文献
995.
996.
David?LoweryEmail author Virginia?Gray Jennifer?Wolak Erik?Godwin Whitt?Kilburn 《Political Behavior》2005,27(2):99-132
Despite its widespread use since the concept was introduced by David Truman (1951. The Governmental Process. New York: Alfred A. Knopf), counter-mobilization by organized interests has remained theoretically ambiguous and rarely studied empirically. We more fully develop the concept of short-term counter-mobilization, distinguish it from long-term counter-mobilization, specify the conditions under which we might observe short-term counter-mobilization, and test the resulting hypotheses with data on health care lobby registrations in the American states during the late 1990s. We find little evidence of short-term counter-mobilization among health interest organizations, which leads us to more fully consider several null hypotheses about the limits of strategic behavior on the part of organized interests.An earlier version of this paper was prepared for presentation at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, April 2004. This research was supported by a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Investigator Award in Health Policy Research (ID#047727). 相似文献
997.
998.
999.
Craig J. Forsyth George Wooddell Rhonda D. Evans 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2001,16(2):1-9
This paper examines changes in female criminality. Data were obtained from 1943 through 1998 on six index crimes: murder,
robbery, assault, burglary, auto theft, and larceny. Rape and arson are not included because rape is almost exclusively a
male crime, while statistics for arson have not been consistent for the period studied. A review of the literature on female
crime is presented. Percentage differences between males and females were obtained for specific crimes for each year. A regression
line was computed for this difference by year. Each line is characterized by R2, as a measure of confidence in future predictions and “b” levels to determine slope, and the expected year in which male
and female crime will achieve equality if current trends continue. The authors also suggest using the year generated as an
index on which to compare growth or decline of female crime. 相似文献
1000.
The possibility of simultaneous synthesis of alpha-phenylethylamine and amphetamine from mixture of acetophenone and benzylmethylketone was studied. The structures of specific impurities were predicted and these compounds were synthesized and finally found in reaction mixtures, as well as in the final product. The data collected by gas chromatography, proton and carbon magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and mass spectrometry are presented. 相似文献