Looking for leverage in PAC markets: Corporate and labor contributions considered

In this paper we explore the popular perception that political action committees (PACs) have substantial influence over elected legislators. We question whether the leverage in the PAC market is on the side of the contribution-maker or the contribution-taker. Analysis of the structure of PAC markets suggests most markets are sellers' markets, not buyers' markets. PAC contributions then may be more like protection money than attempts to buy votes or access. The leverage of the politician (seller) may be tempered if a substantial number of large PACs have homogeneous interests, and the ability to concentrate their contributions to the same legislators. This contention is supported by analysis of differences in labor and corporate PAC giving in the 1980 and 1984 general elections. Labor PACs, which are much larger than corporate PACs, have more homogeneous interests, give virtually all of their money to one party, and appear to have more discretion in making contribution decisions than do corporate PACs. An implication of this analysis for corporate executives is that using political action committees at the federal level may not be a strategy where corporations have a comparative advantage. — Senator Robert Dole (R-Kan.) — Senator Thomas Eaglecton (D-Mo.)     

The American Psychological Association's amicus curiae brief inPrice Waterhouse v. Hopkins

The use of amicus curiae briefs to inform the courts about the scientific literature requires merging scientific and legal perspectives. A brief submitted by the APA inPrice Waterhouse v. Hopkins (1989) demonstrates how the values of the legal system can predominate over the values of science. The brief differed from a scientific review in three ways: (1) selective use of theories only when they supported the brief's position, (2) acceptance of Hopkins's contention concerning disputed facts, and (3) incomplete representation of the empirical literature. This article examines four of the main arguments in the brief. Half of the 33 studies cited in the brief for these arguments offered no support for the brief's position. In addition, the brief made no mention of a substantial body of research (78 studies) that directly contradicts these arguments.The authors would like to thank Ralph Alexander, Terri Baumgardner, Dennis Doverspike, Rick DeShon, Jan Dorsett, Lynn Kahney, Paul Levy, Robert Lord, Karen Maher, Marty Murphy, Jackie Szmania, and Linda Subich for their comments.     

Diener dreier Herren? Kantonalbehörden und die Vollzugsvielfalt der arbeitsmarktlichen Bestimmungen im schweizerischen Asylrecht

Einer der viel beschworenen Vorteile des Föderalismus ist die Flexibilität, mit der sich zentralstaatliche Anliegen den regionalen Gegebenheiten anpassen lassen. Wir untersuchen diese Vorstellung am Beispiel des Asylrechts. Ausgangspunkt ist die Überlegung, dass die Vollzugsdelegation an die Kantone zu Prinzipal-Agent-Problemen führt und die Kantonalbehörden zu Dienern dreier Herren macht – der Bundesverwaltung, dern einheimischen Bevölkerung und regionalen Interessengruppen. Quantitativ zeigt sich, dass die Restriktivität der kantonalen arbeitsmarktlichen Ausführungsbestimmungen des schweizerischen Asylgesetzes nicht primär von der Nachfrage nach Arbeitskräften, sondern vom Einfluss ausländerfeindlicher Kräfte in den Kantonen bestimmt ist. Die Praxis der Erteilung von Arbeitsbewilligungen an Asylbewerber hingegen steht in keinem Zusammenhang zur Restriktivität der Regelungen und orientiert sich speziell in der Romandie an der arbeitsmarktlichen Lage. Auch wenn sich der Einfluss von Sonderinteressengruppen nicht nachweisen lässt, tanzen die kantonalen Entscheidungsträger so zumindest auf zwei Hochzeiten.     

Social competence during adolescence: Social sensitivity,locus of control,empathy, and peer popularity

In male and female adolescents aged 14, 15, 17, and 18 years of age, the predictive relationship between social competency and peer relations and age differences in social competence were studied. Based upon a social deficit hypothesis, linear age differences were observed in social knowledge, locus of control, and a trend in empathy. Some sex differences were found, but no sex by age interactions were observed. The predicted relationship between social competency and peer popularity was supported, but was different according to sex of the adolescent.Support for this project was provided by the Science/Education Administration of the USDA and the Utah State University Agricultural Experiment Station through the W144 Regional Research Project on Social Competency in Childhood.Received Ph.D. from Penn State University. Research interests are adolescent personality and social development.     

Detection System for Malingered PTSD and Related Response Biases

This article consists mostly of an appendix on the detection of feigned/malingered PTSD that was justified after analysis of extant malingering detection systems and then presented in Young (2014a) as a long table. The submission reviewers at the journal had considered it appropriate that, although it had been published in book format, it is opened up to peer-review commentary to deal with errors of omission and commission, thereby leading to relevant changes, if any, before further use other than as a guide to assessments in the area. In this regard, we solicit reviews, comments, criticisms, suggestions for change, and so on, with a response (rebuttal) to follow. The present malingered PTSD detection system constitutes the first in the field. It incorporates multiple corrections and additions relative to the extant systems on which it is based (MND, Malingered Neurocognitive Dysfunction; MPRD, Malingered Pain-Related Disability; respectively, Slick, Sherman, & Iverson, 1999; Bianchini, Greve, & Glynn, 2005). It includes very specific rules and procedures both for testing and considering inconsistencies/discrepancies in the file history. Therefore, it is comprehensive and lengthy, or takes about ten times as long to present in tabular format as the MND and MPRD systems on which it is based, (portions in italics indicate what is new to the system). It was constructed to permit the creation of equivalent systems for neurocognition and pain, presented in Young (2014a). The system is useful to mental health professionals not well-versed in psychological testing because, aside from its testing component, it includes extensive procedures for evaluating inconsistencies/discrepancies in examinee files. The system needs evaluation of its reliability and validity, as well as clinical utility.