Turnover of organized crime and money laundering: some preliminary empirical findings

After a short literature review, the paper quantifies the turnover of organized crime with the help of a MIMIC estimation procedure for the years 1995 to 2006 for 20 highly developed OECD countries. The volume of turnover from organized crime was US-$ 270 billion in the year 1995 for these 20 OECD countries, rising to $ 614 billion in 2006. The worldwide turnover in organized crime had a value of $ 595 billion in 2001 and rose to $ 790 billion in 2006. These figures are very preliminary but clearly indicate the importance of the turnover of organized crime or the extent of money laundering.     

Die Luftreinhalteplanung im Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetz

Die europarechtlich bedingte Luftreinhalteplanung wirft in ihrer praktischen Umsetzung insbesondere durch ihren planenden Ansatz und die Einbeziehung des Verkehrs eine Vielzahl von Fragestellungen auf, die mit dem gewohnten anlagenbezogenen Instrumentarium des Immissionsschutzrechts nur unzureichend beantwortet werden können. Der folgende Beitrag versucht diesen Fragestellungen nachzugehen und Lösungswege aufzuzeigen.     

Heinrich Popitz — Konturen seines Denkens und Werks

Summary Heinrich Popitz, who died in 2002, was one of the most important scholars of post-war and contemporary sociology in Germany. Popitz had a unique style of thinking, which consisted of two particular characteristics: on the one hand, the anthropological dimension, manifest throughout his quest for the basic structures of human society — and on the other hand, the artistic dimension of his scholarly writings, which can be viewed as fine works of art. Popitz’ work develops within four social scientific fields: the sociology of power, the sociology of norms, the sociology of technology and the social anthropology of creativity. Thus his work is both a subtle comment and an answer to Georg Simmel’s question „How is society possible?”

---

Résumé Le sociologue fribourgeois Heinrich Popitz, décédé en 2002, fait partie en Allemagne des sociologues les plus éminents de l’aprèsguerre jusqu’à nos jours. Popitz fait preuve d’une originalité de réflexion qui se remarque surtout sur deux plans: son aspect fondamentalement anthropologique (à la recherche des spécificités de la société humaine en général) et la présentation quasi artistique de ses idées sous forme d’essais scientifiques. L’œuvre de Popitz comprend quatre parties dans lesquelles s’articulent des révélations centrales pour la théorie sociologique en général: La sociologie du pouvoir, la sociologie normative, la sociologie de la technologie et l’anthropologie sociologique de la créativité. Les écrits de Popitz contribuent de fa?on subtile à la résolution de la question fondamentale simmelienne concernant les conditions essentielles d’existence d’une société.

     

Money laundering: some facts

This paper tackles the quite difficult topic of money laundering. After defining money laundering, and after explaining the three stages (steps), placement, layering and integration, the paper tries a quantification and estimation of the volume and development of money laundering activities. Besides it shows national and international measurements to fight money laundering and various effects on macroeconomics. The overall turnover in organized crime for example had a value of 800 billion USD in 2001 and increased to 1.700 billion USD in 2007. These figures are very preliminary with a quite large error, but give a clear indication how important money laundering and the turnover of organized crime is nowadays.

Literatur

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Can reallocation of rights help to avoid the Paretian Liberal Paradox?

The author is grateful to Christian Seidl for critical comments.     

Tooth eruption times of permanent teeth in male and female adolescents in Niedersachsen

The aim of this study was to determine the eruption times of permanent teeth, excluding third molars, in a defined area population of a country district in Lower Saxony. The authors investigated 2495 oral findings of 664 patients (male 315, female 349) in a longitudinal study. The minimum age was 3.00 years and the maximum age 24.00 years. The dental findings were collected over a period of about 20 years (1980-2002). The oral findings per child/adolescent were assessed between one and 16 times. The eruption times of teeth in females are earlier than those for the same teeth in males. Further, the permanent dentition in females is completed earlier than in males. The tooth eruption occurs symmetrically in both jaws. The comparison of both jaws revealed a slightly advanced eruption of the lower jaw teeth for both sexes. There is a noteworthy change in the eruption sequence of the teeth. In contrast to other reports we determined that the eruption of the canine proceeds the eruption of the second premolar. We found no acceleration of the dentition when compared to other reports and confirmed the rules of tooth eruption in man. Oral examination of teeth is a simple tool to calculate tooth eruption intervals. This first investigation on a population of Lower Saxony revealed a change in the eruption sequence of permanent teeth. The findings are relevant for dental treatment planning and should be reconfirmed at certain intervals.