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181.
Greg Hampton 《Policy Sciences》1999,32(2):163-174
The principles and practice of public participation can serve to promote environmental equity for disadvantaged social groups. The effectiveness of such practice in preventing or reducing environmental inequity depends upon the use of participation methodology which caters to the cultural and social needs of such groups. These methods need to provide appropriate forms of information, suitable venues for participation, and access to expertise and education which enable the public to understand policy issues and formulate preferences. The extent to which public preferences are incorporated in policy decisions determines the worth of public participation programs in promoting environmental equity. 相似文献
182.
183.
The pubic bone is considered one of the best sources of information for determining sex using skeletal remains, but can be easily damaged postmortem. This problem has led to the development of nonpelvic methods for cases when the pubic bone is too damaged for analysis. We approached this problem from a different perspective. In this article, we present an approach using new measurements and angles of the proximal femur to recreate the variation in the pubic bone. With a sample from the Terry Collection (n > 300), we use these new variables along with other traditional measurements of the femur and hipbone to develop two logistic regression equations (femur and fragmentary hipbone, and femur only) that are not population specific. Tests on an independent sample (Grant Collection; n = 37-40) with a different pattern of sexual dimorphism resulted in an allocation accuracy of 95-97% with minimal difference by sex. 相似文献
184.
Notions of human agency are a prominent part of some but not all criminological theories. For example, McCarthy (Annu Rev
Sociol 28:417–442, 2002) argues that rational choice theory, which allows persons great involvement in decision making, is
more congenial with notions of human agency than others. It would appear from his argument that rational choice theory offers
fertile ground to develop a clearly defined role for human agency in criminal behavior. In this paper we have taken up McCarthy’s
view and argue that an important part of what is human agency consists of thoughtfully reflective decision making. We outline
four elements of thoughtfully reflective decision making, and claim that it is a characteristic that varies both across persons
and within persons over time. It is in short the process by which good decisions are made because by using this process one
increases the likelihood that choices made will be consistent with preferences. We develop a clear operational definition
of thoughtfully reflective decision making and link it to the concept of human agency. We also articulate testable hypotheses
about the short-term and longer-term implications of thoughtfully reflective decision making. We conclude with a discussion
of what we think lies ahead for future conceptual and empirical work.
相似文献
Greg PogarskyEmail: |
185.
Greg?PogarskyEmail author Alex?R.?Piquero Ray?Paternoster 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2004,20(4):343-369
Deterrence theory describes a process of offender decision making that consists of two linkages—one in which official sanctions and other information affect a would-be offenders perceptions about the risks of criminal conduct, and another in which such perceptions influence the decision whether or not to offend. Decades worth of empirical research has concentrated virtually exclusively on this latter linkage, and in so doing, has produced an incomplete account of the deterrence process. This article develops a model of how perceptions of sanction certainty are modified in response to an individuals involvement in criminal activity and the consequences (if any) therefrom. Implications of the model are tested with data from a multi-wave, panel survey of 1,530 high school students from the southeastern U.S. Key findings include: the manner in which new information affects perceived certainty depends on the level of perceived certainty before the new information is received, and the extent of peer offending was one of the most influential factors in determining change in perceived sanction certainty over time. 相似文献
186.
187.
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) was utilized to obtain characteristic mass spectra from three different smokeless powders and six different black powder samples. In these mass spectra, peaks indicative of both the organic and inorganic additive constituents in the gunpowders were observed. TOF-SIMS was able to successfully differentiate between the different black and smokeless gunpowder samples analyzed with the aid of principal components analysis (PCA), a multivariate statistical analysis approach often used to reduce the dimensionality of complex data. TOF-SIMS was also used to obtain information about the spatial distribution of the various additives contained within the gunpowder samples. SIMS imaging demonstrated that that the samples could potentially be characterized by their 2-D structure, which varied from sample to sample. These results clearly demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing TOF-SIMS as a tool for the characterization and differentiation of gunpowder samples for general forensic applications. 相似文献
188.
Self-control Depletion and the General Theory of Crime 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Criminological research on self-control focuses mainly on self-control failure. Such research has not, however, investigated the consequences of exercising self-control for the individual doing so. The present study investigates this issue within the framework of both criminological self-control theory and research on self-control depletion from social psychology, which depicts self-control as akin to a “muscle” that is “depletable” by prior use [Muraven and Baumeister (2000) Psycholog Bull 126:247–259]. Results are presented from a laboratory experiment in which students have the opportunity to cheat. Both “trait self-control,” as measured by the Grasmick et al. [(1993) J Res Crime Delinq 30:5–29] self-control inventory, and “self-control depletion” independently predicted cheating. The implications of these findings are explored for criminological perspectives on self-control and offender decision-making.
相似文献
Mark MuravenEmail: |
189.
Assessing the Effect of Race Bias in Post-traffic Stop Outcomes Using Propensity Scores 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Greg Ridgeway 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2006,22(1):1-29
In response to community demands, case settlements, and state laws concerning racial profiling, police departments across
the nation are collecting data on traffic stops. While the data collection is rapidly moving forward, there are few if any
agreed upon methods for analyzing the data. Much of the attention has been on benchmarks for the race distribution of stops
and searches. Little empirical work has advanced our understanding of the influence of race in the post-stop activities of
police. The present study proposes a propensity score technique to determine the extent to which race bias affects citation
rates, search rates, and the duration of the stop. Adjusting for confounding variables using the propensity score offers an
alternative to multivariate regression that is more interpretable, less prone to errors in model assumptions, and ultimately
easier to present to stakeholders in policing practices. An analysis of traffic stop data from the City of Oakland, California
demonstrates the process, presentation, and interpretation of the results that the methodology produces. Ultimately, the study
addresses the extent to which race plays a role in officers’ use of discretion.
相似文献
Greg RidgewayEmail: |
190.