丧钟为谁而鸣--一九四六:远东国际军事法庭审判纪实(三)

3检察官手中的王牌 远东国际军事法庭对日本战犯的审判,从一开始就充满起伏跌宕的戏剧性.战场的硝烟早已散尽,法庭的智斗刚刚开始.英美法系的审判方式让日本战犯和他们的辩护团感到渐渐有了信心和斗志.法庭上的证据成了左右这场较量的重要砝码.     

罗马人的伊拉克意大利驻伊部队在纳西里耶的作战行动

在2004年的伊拉克战争中,作为美国盟友的意大利派遣3000多名意大利官兵参加了英美联军在伊拉克的军事行动。其中纳西里耶之战是意大利军在伊拉克所进行的主要作战行动,对手是600多人的什叶派非正规军,他们大多数是什叶派领导人穆克塔达·萨德尔(MoqtadaSadr)领导的“救世主军”(al-MahdiArmy,也译作“迈赫迪军”)成员。“救世主军”主要装备有AK-47步枪、德拉古诺夫狙击步枪、60追击炮及火箭筒等武器。根据美国方面的资料,萨德尔大     

是扩充核武库来夺取核优势还是保持低规模的核力量来确保核安全?站在十字路口的印度核战略

本文编译自《今日军控》2003年9月号,作者拉杰什·M·巴斯鲁系印度孟买国际研究中心主任。作者站在印度的角度认为,面对中国和巴基斯坦两个完全不同的核对手,印度核战略模式的选择面临着一次重大的挑战。是扩充核武库来夺取核优势还是保持低规模的核力量来确保核安全?本文从核战争内在规律出发,充分考证了印度所面临的各种现实威胁,从而提出了最低核威慑战略的基本思想。编译本文,通过了解印度的核战略选择背景和其对中、印关系的判断,对于我们更好地认识和把握与印度的未来发展关系有一定的参考意义。本刊特编译此文,仅供读者参考。     

青少年文本和视觉资料中的全球化因素

全球化对青少年的影响可以从他们自身生活的描述中体现出来.本文运用文本分析的方法,对一次针对爱尔兰高中一年级学生(14-17岁之间的青少年)的问卷调查结果进行分析和总结,关注的重点在于青少年对自己生活的视觉性和其他方面的描述.从中可以看出,全球化在不同层次和方面影响了青少年对日常生活的理解和关切.     

无等级的合作:公共部门与非营利部门合作伙伴关系

在突发事件中,为实现公共服务目标而在公共部门与非营利部门间建立合作伙伴关系,这种模式可以为低效率的官僚制管理提供另一种选择。对911事件的实证研究表明,各级公共部门之间及公共部门与非营利部门间加强沟通和协调尤为重要。     

苏联改革的两面性:从改革走向崩溃

在毫无征兆的情况下,苏联突然解体了。苏共领导人戈尔巴乔夫的改革把苏联带入了一场典型的革命性进程之中。苏联的政治经济体制改革的起步非常谨慎,随后逐步扩大到政治层面,并升级为激进的政治诉求和改革,进而持续升温成为一场革命性的大动荡。旨在恢复社会秩序、实现社会稳定的苏联版"热月政变"由此出现。实际上,前苏联的这场改革并不像当下一些政客抑或是戈尔巴乔夫本人所讲述的那样,是一场有计划的、有组织性的,旨在实现民主化、西方式的民主社会类型和市场经济的改革。苏联的解体也并非因为灾难性的经济危机,事实上,苏联的经济早已是一潭死水。苏联之所以会走向解体,主要在于其一系列旨在解决严重的社会经济问题的改革准备既不充分,信息也不全面。历史上不乏各种经意和不经意的结果,这场改革将苏联整个社会推入了政治经济不断沉沦的漩涡,引起权贵阶层尤其是苏联加盟共和国中执政者的不安。这反过来又催生了一股压力,要求迅速纠正这些意料之外的结果。从本质上说,苏联解体是这场自上而下改革的结果,这场改革的开始是由于部分苏联精英利用了苏联上层社会对激进改革以及加盟共和国的民族主义的诉求,然而却以整个社会体系的改变而告终。     

Risk and Protective Predictors of Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescents from Immigrant Backgrounds

Although there has been an increasing number of studies that has examined depression among adolescents from immigrant backgrounds, findings have been mixed, with some studies reporting that immigrant status is associated with risk, while others report that immigration status is linked to adequate or positive outcomes. Thus, it is important to explore how underlying predictors contribute to trajectories of depressive symptoms among adolescents from immigrant backgrounds. Using data from a nationally representative Canadian sample (N = 1,060; aged 12 to 23; 48.9% female), this longitudinal study examined the effects of risk and protective factors on trajectories of depressive symptoms using multilevel modeling. Predictors of depressive symptoms tended to be protective and suggest a universal positive influence of self-esteem, positive peer relationships, and parent–child cohesion. Host language proficiency was predictive of greater increases in depressive symptoms over time. Findings highlight the value of promoting protective factors and aspects of one’s heritage among immigrant adolescents.     

A Psychoecological Model of Academic Performance Among Hispanic Adolescents

Although the number of students who complete high school continues to rise, dramatic differences in school success remain across racial/ethnic groups. The current study addressed Hispanic adolescents’ academic performance by investigating the relationships of parental involvement, culturally responsive teaching, sense of school belonging, and academic self-efficacy and academic performance. Participants were 478 (51.5% female) Hispanic 7th graders in the US-Mexico borderlands. Based on Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, a structural model was tested. Results showed that the proposed model was supported by demonstrating significant indirect effects of parental involvement, culturally responsive teaching, and sense of school belonging on academic performance. Furthermore, academic self-efficacy was found to mediate the relationships between parental involvement, culturally responsive teaching, and sense of school belonging and academic performance. The current study provides a useful psychoecological model to inform educators and psychologists who seek to meet the needs of Hispanic students.