House members as residual claimants: Campaign spending in the 1980s

Through 1992, federal election campaign laws and House rules permit U.S. Representatives holding office on 8 January 1980, to personally claim unspent campaign contributions when they retire, while other House members have to forfeit such sums. These rules provide differential incentives to pre-1980 members to more aggressively seek and yet refrain from spending political contributions than other House members. Regression estimates suggest that the privilege was worth almost $71,700 to the typical pre-1980 House member during the 1987–88 election cycle.     

Improving linear computer assisted learning

This paper draws upon research done at the Centre for Law and Computing at the University of Durham into different types of Computer Assisted Learning ('CAL') programs in law. The research concentrates on linear CAL programs and the features which authors may wish to incorporate into their programs in order to increase their effectiveness. It examines four linear CAL programs which were written with the specific goal of developing an understanding of basic legal principles. The findings of the research highlight the limitations of linear CAL, whilst making several specific suggestions how such programs should be implemented and enhanced.     

Wesen und Systematik des Integrierten Küstenzonenmanagements und daraus resultierende Anforderungen an Inhalt und Umsetzung

Diese Kurzdarstellung soll ein Beitrag zum Verständnis des Integrierten Küstenzonenmanagements (IKZM) sein. Sie will insbesondere dessen inhaltliche Anforderungen verdeutlichen und die daraus resultierenden Erfordernisse an die nationale Einführung eines IKZM herausarbeiten. Dazu wird die IKZM-Strategie zunächst überblicksartig vorgestellt, um danach anhand der aus den europäischen Vorgaben resultierenden Komponenten deren Systematik und grundlegende Regelungsgehalte herzuleiten. Danach werden die bisherigen nationalen Aktivitäten zum IKZM kritisch betrachtet, Defizite benannt und auf die Gefahr der Verwässerung des IKZM-Gedankens hingewiesen.     

How partnership works

Partnerships can achieve results, but they do not develop smoothly. Members must explore their differences before they can perform well together. Some agencies look inwards at their own priorities and expect their partners to follow them. This leads to a blend of co-operation and competition. Other organisations turn outwards and look for partners who can contribute to shared results. They see themselves as others see them. They do not look back to make sure that others are following. This leads to a blend of mutual respect and reciprocity which is as important for success as finely honed memoranda of understanding.