An economic appraisal of urban housing assistance: rental supplments versus public housing

Abstract. The benefits and costs of rental supplements versus public housing are analysed in this study. The role of social assistance and public housing in improving housing standards of low income households is assessed. Housing standards for households with incomes below 3, 000 and the dollar return to private property owners renting to social assistance recipients are studied as two measures of effectiveness of the alternatives. Measures of housing standards for low income households are reviewed. It was concluded that, for welfare and non-welfare households, low income is the critical factor determining the existence of low quality housing. Data on target clientele reached by current housing programs are not available, so it is difficult to determine the effectiveness of such programs in improving housing standards of low income households. Various public and private costs critical to the assessment of housing assistance are discussed. In conclusion, it is pointed out that a simple benefit/cost analysis is inadequate for deciding on public housing versus rental supplements. Several additional studies are required, including: decisions on minimum levels of housing standards, comparison of other housing assistance progrm, and costs of all housing and nonhousing programs. Sommaire. Cette étude porte sur les coêts et les bénéfices d'une politique de subvention des loyers par opposition à une politique de logement public. Les auteurs évaluent le rôle que jouent l'assistance sociale et le logement public dans l'amélioration de l'habitation des économiquement faibles. Ils étudient la qualité de l'habitation des familles ayant un revenu inférieur à 3, 000 et la rentabilité des propriétés privées louées am assistés sociaux en tant que critères d'évaluation. Ils passent en revue les normes de qualité du logement des économiquement faibles. Ils concluent que c'est le faible revenu qui est la cause déterminante de la mauvaise qualité du logement peu importe que les familles dépendent ou non du bien-être social. Il n'existe pas de données concernant la clientèle profitant, à l'heure actuelle, des programmes de logement et il est donc difficile de déterminer la contribution de ces programmes à l'amélioration du logement des économiquement faibles. Les auteurs discutent des différents coûts, publics et privés, ui entrent dans l'évaluation d'une subvention au logement. Ils concluent en faisant remarquer qu'une simple analyse coûts/bénéfices est insuffisante pour choisir entre le logement public et le loyer subventionné. D'autres études seront donc nécessaires, plus particulièrement sur les normes minimales de logement, sur la comparaison àétablir avec d'autres programmes d'assistance au logement, et sur les coûts de tous les programmes de logement en comparaison avec les coûts des autres programmes.     

The pits and the core: Simple collective decision problems with concave preferences

This essay extends the theory of simple collective decision problems to spatial games in which (contrary to the traditional assumption) each agent's preferences are concave, in the sense that the alternatives that the agent does not prefer to any particular reference alternative together constitute a convex set. Such concave preferences might characterize decision problems in which, say, a site must be selected for some obnoxious facility, such as a prison, garbage dump, or facility for managing hazardous materials. The results indicate that, under these conditions, the (weak -)core can be structurally unstable, changing discontinuously with apparently minor perturbations of the decision problem. The main theorem identifies a curious property of the core when the set of feasible alternatives is compact and convex and each agent's preferences are strictly concave. Namely, a point in the feasible set's interior can belong to the core only if there is no feasible alternative that makes every member of any winning coalition strictly worse off. In this sense, an interior point belongs to the core only if it lies in the pits.A preliminary version of this essay was presented at the West Coast Conference on Small Groups Research, Stanford University, 17 April 1985, and the Experimental Social Choice Workshop, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 20–21 June 1985. This material is based on work supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (Grants SES 83-12123 and SES 84-10094), the Real Estate Center and Department of Decision Sciences of The Wharton School, and the Research Fund of the University of Pennsylvania.     

The Soldier, The State, and The Clash of Civilizations: The Legacy of Samuel Huntington

The major military challenge that the United States faces today is the war in Afghanistan. The U.S. military is engaged in a grueling counterinsurgency campaign against the Islamist movement known as the Taliban, which is based among Pashtun tribes in Southeastern Afghanistan and Northwestern Pakistan, who have never been permanently subdued by a foreign military force. This challenge comes in the wake of that other grueling counterinsurgency war that the U.S. military has had to conduct in Iraq, where its chief adversary was the Islamist movement known as al Qaeda in Mesopotamia. Moreover, the challenge in Afghanistan comes on what could be the eve of an impending military challenge, perhaps even a war, with Iran, as that Islamist state relentlessly moves toward acquiring nuclear weapons. In its entire history of two- and-a-quarter centuries, the United States has never been engaged in an unbroken succession of three wars, in three different countries. Together, the U.S. wars with or within Islamist countries add up to what is a “long war,” indeed.     

‘Phase IV’ Operations in the War on Terror: Comparing Iraq and Afghanistan

This article identifies the obstacles and prospects of implementing President Obama's surge strategy in Afghanistan by examining four issues: (1) the origins and implementation of the Iraq surge policy; (2) U.S. counterinsurgency operations in Afghanistan; (3) a comparative examination of Afghan and Iraqi tribal insurgent structures; and (4) suggestions for a counter insurgency policy more in sync with regional social and tribal structures.     

Soft Power in a Hard Place: China, Taiwan, Cross-Strait Relations and U.S. Policy

Soft power, like so much else in relations between the People's Republic of China and Taiwan, is asymmetrical and freighted with implications for U.S. policy and U.S.-China relations. For China, soft power largely serves—or strives—to reduce alarm (or at least reaction) among other states concerned about China's new-found hard power or, perhaps more realistically, the hard power that China's economic rise can underwrite. Much of the value for Beijing of soft power is—and is likely to remain for quite some time—its potential contribution to reducing the likelihood that other states will react to China's rising hard power in ways that could threaten China's interests.     

Perception and Politics in Intelligence Assessment: U.S. Estimates of the Soviet and "Rogue-State" Nuclear Threats

United States estimates of Soviet nuclear goals and capabilities and the current "rogue-state" nuclear threat reflected prevailing beliefs about threat within the U.S. government and the relative influence of agencies charged with threat assessment. This article establishes that the patterns in formal Soviet threat assessment: (i) did not reflect a uniform response to "external threat," (ii) were inevitably tied to underlying assumptions about adversary intent, and (iii) were susceptible then to perceptual, organizational, and/or political influences within government. Thus, threat assessments reflected the optimism and pessimism—and political interests and ideologies—of those who participated in the estimating process. The article concludes by examining these lessons in light of the experiences and challenges of assessing threat from small states harboring nuclear ambitions.     

Realism, Rationalism, Race: On the Early International Relations Discipline in Australia

The received view of the development of the international relations discipline in Australia discounts its early history, maintaining that it only came into existence in the 1960s. It was then confined, according to this account, within a realist-rationalist discourse. This article shows that if realism-rationalism is the identifying feature of the discipline in Australia, then many exemplars can be found in the earlier period from the 1920s to the Pacific War. Problems regarding empire, obligations towards the League of Nations, and Australia's position in the Pacific region were major concerns. Arguments in support of the League, or for an emerging Pacific order, were often couched in rationalist terms; with the increasing international uncertainty of the 1930s, realist arguments became more prominent. There are also some examples of revolutionist theory. However, a major preoccupation across the spectrum of international thinkers was the issue of race and the exclusionary White Australia immigration policy. It is argued that this theme cannot be readily assimilated to realism-rationalism.