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271.
Sweden has witnessed an increase in the rates of sexual crimes including rape. Knowledge of who the offenders of these crimes are is therefore of importance for prevention. We aimed to study characteristics of individuals convicted of rape, aggravated rape, attempted rape or attempted aggravated rape (abbreviated rape+), against a woman ≥18 years of age, in Sweden. By using information from the Swedish Crime Register, offenders between 15 and 60 years old convicted of rape+ between 2000 and 2015 were included. Information on substance use disorders, previous criminality and psychiatric disorders were retrieved from Swedish population-based registers, and Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was used to identify classes of rape+ offenders. A total of 3 039 offenders were included in the analysis. A majority of them were immigrants (n = 1 800; 59.2%) of which a majority (n = 1 451; 47.7%) were born outside of Sweden. The LCA identified two classes: Class A — low offending class (LOC), and Class B — high offending class (HOC). While offenders in the LOC had low rates of previous criminality, psychiatric disorders and substance use disorders, those included in the HOC had high rates of previous criminality, psychiatric disorders and substance use disorders. While HOC may be composed by more “traditional” criminals probably known by the police, the LOC may represent individuals not previously known by the police. These two separated classes, as well as our finding in regard to a majority of the offenders being immigrants, warrants further studies that take into account the contextual characteristics among these offenders.
Key points
- Rape, aggravated rape, attempted rape or attempted aggravated rape (rape+) are increasing in Sweden.
- The majority of those convicted of rape+ are immigrants.
- LCA identifies two classes of rape+ offenders: LOC and HOC.
272.
Rachid Baitar Ann Buysse Ruben Brondeel Jan de Mol Peter Rober 《Negotiation Journal》2012,28(4):453-473
Studies have reported that mediation has higher settlement rates than litigation. The quality of these agreements as experienced by the parties as well as the processes that contribute to this subjective experience remains underexamined, however. In a large, representative, and multidisciplinary study of divorcing couples, we studied the relationship between the practices of lawyers and mediators and the quality of agreements experienced by their clients. We used multiple regression analysis to reveal that divorce mediation is significantly more likely than litigation to produce high‐quality divorce settlements. Furthermore, we found that high‐quality divorce agreements were more likely to occur when mediators and lawyers were perceived to have worked facilitatively. In addition, we found that pre‐divorce conflict levels were inversely correlated with the quality of agreements. Which party initiated the divorce, the parties' gender, and the type of legal divorce did not explain variances in the quality of the agreements. In this article, we also discuss the training and practice implications of our findings. 相似文献
273.
Carlotta Raby Sabina Hulbert Jan Stout 《The journal of forensic psychiatry & psychology》2017,28(6):753-776
This study aimed to create a measure of risk for gang affiliation, for use in the UK. A pilot stage invited gang affiliated and non-gang affiliated participants between the ages of 16–25 years to retrospectively self-report on 58 items of risk exposure at the age of 11 years. Based on performance of these items, a 26-item measure was developed and administered to a main study sample (n = 185) of gang affiliated and non-gang affiliated participants. Categorical Principal Component Analysis was applied to data, yielding a single-factor solution (historic lack of safety and current perception of threat). A 15-item gang affiliation risk measure (GARM) was subsequently created. The GARM demonstrated good internal consistency, construct validity and discriminative ability. Items from the GARM were then transformed to read prospectively, resulting in a test measure for predictive purposes (T-GARM). The T-GARM requires further validation regarding its predictive utility and generalisability. However, this study has resulted in the first measure of gang affiliation, with promising results. 相似文献
274.
This paper examines how the concept of public values can be operationalized in an ongoing public initiative to stimulate innovation in an emerging technology. Our study focuses on Innovation Corps (I-Corps)—a program initiated in 2011 by the National Science Foundation (NSF) to accelerate the process of commercializing science-driven discoveries. The I-Corps method has since spread rapidly across multiple US agencies. Separately, there has also been heightened attention to the early anticipation and mitigation of the implications of emerging science and technology. Drawing on the case of nanotechnology, the paper considers how public values related to nanotechnology commercialization can be integrated alongside the fast start-up procedures embedded in I-Corps. We use a public values framework to pose societal impact questions that can be probed in parallel with the current I-Corps process, highlighting values such as identification of societal problems that the technology might potentially address; types of potential customers likely to be overlooked; groups who might oppose the application as well as those who might support it; and potential environmental, health, and safety risks. The paper discusses the challenges of adding specifications related to equity as well as safety in efforts to foster rapid commercialization and considers how these can be integrated within the I-Corps approach. 相似文献
275.
Ellen A. C. Raaijmakers Jan W. de Keijser Paul Nieuwbeerta Anja J. E. Dirkzwager 《心理学、犯罪与法律》2017,23(1):32-55
For a prison sentence to exert a specific deterrent effect, the ultimate question is that imprisonment is remembered as aversive once the offender is released, and is contemplating future criminal activities. Drawing on insights from social psychology and cognition, this study assessed (1) how inmates remember the severity of their imprisonment following release, and (2) how the severity as experienced while being incarcerated (e.g. the worst or the last moment) affects its recollected aversiveness among a sample of Dutch inmates who were released for approximately six months (n?=?696). The findings indicated that the severity as experienced while being incarcerated is strongly related to the severity as recollected following release, net of the duration of confinement. Strikingly, to the extent that the length of imprisonment affected its recollected aversiveness, it did so in the opposite direction than traditional deterrence research presumes. Implications for correctional policy and future research are discussed. 相似文献
276.
Differential Parental Treatment,Sibling Relationships and Delinquency in Adolescence 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Ron. H. J. Scholte Rutger C. M. E. Engels Raymond A. T. de Kemp Zeena Harakeh Geertjan Overbeek 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2007,36(5):661-671
The present study examined the moderating effect of the quality of the sibling relationship on the longitudinal association
of parental treatment with theft, vandalism, and violence in adolescence. Participants were 416 sibling pairs which were studied
over a one-year period. The younger siblings were aged 13 to 15, the older siblings 14 to 17 at Time 1. No significant effects
were found for mixed-sex dyads. For same-sex dyads, the results suggested that when the relationship was of poor quality,
younger boys who felt treated less favorably by their mothers were most likely to show high levels of vandalism and violence,
while younger girls who felt treated less favorably were most likely to show high levels of theft. No such effects were found
for older siblings. These findings indicate that differential parental treatment and the quality of the sibling relationship
have gender-specific effects on adolescents’ delinquency and have a different meaning for younger than for older siblings.
相似文献
Ron. H. J. ScholteEmail: |
277.
Intimate partner violence (IPV) by women against men has been the subject of much debate. Feminists typically argue that IPV
is committed only by men against women. Others argue that violence is a human problem and women also commit much IPV. To resolve
these debates, IPV has been classified into two categories: common couple violence captured by population-based studies, and
patriarchal terrorism, captured by studies of battered women. This typology ignores male victims of extreme IPV. The current
study addresses this omission by describing 190 male callers to the Domestic Abuse Helpline for Men. All callers experienced
physical abuse from their female partners, and a substantial minority feared their wives’ violence and were stalked. Over
90% experienced controlling behaviors, and several men reported frustrating experiences with the domestic violence system.
Callers’ reports indicated that their female abusers had a history of trauma, alcohol/drug problems, mental illness, and homicidal
and suicidal ideations.
相似文献
Denise A. HinesEmail: |
278.
Jan W. de Keijser Peter J. van Koppen Henk Elffers 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2007,3(2):131-161
This article examines the gap between Dutch judges and the public in terms of preferred severity of sentences. It focuses
on one particular explanation usually given for the gap: the lack of case-specific, detailed information on the part of the
general public. Findings from three studies are reported and combined: (a) a survey among a sample from the Dutch population
(N = 2,127), (b) a sentencing experiment with judges in Dutch criminal courts (N = 180), and (c) a sentencing experiment, using the same case materials as with judges, but now with a sample from the Dutch
population (N = 917). Results show that providing the public with detailed case information indeed reduces severity of sentences preferred.
Moreover, those members of the public who were given short and unbalanced newspaper reports preferred much harsher sentences
than did those who were given the full case files. However, despite such a reduction in punitiveness as a result of information,
the public’s preferred sentences remain much more punitive than judges’ sentences pertaining to exactly the same case files.
Jan W. de Keijser (1968) is senior researcher at the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, in Leiden, the Netherlands. He graduated in political science and obtained his Ph.D. at Leiden University, examining judges’ sentencing decisions in relation to the functions and goals of punishment. Much of his recent research has been focused on the psychology of judicial decision making, factors influencing legitimacy of the criminal justice system, and public opinion on the justice system. Peter J. van Koppen (1953) is senior researcher at the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR) at Leiden, the Netherlands, and is professor of Law and Psychology at the departments of Law of Maastricht University and the Free University, Amsterdam. He is a psychologist. van Koppen is co-editor of Psychology, Crime, and Law and serves as President of the European Association of Psychology and Law. His research includes negotiation behaviour of attorneys in civil cases, recovered memories, geographic profiling of criminal behaviour, execution of court decisions, lie detection, judicial decision making and sentencing, police interrogations and false confessions, and value of forensic evidence. Henk Elffers (1948) is senior researcher at the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement and professor of Psychology and Law at Antwerp University, Belgium. He graduated in mathematical statistics at the University of Amsterdam and obtained his Ph.D. in Psychology of Law at Erasmus University, Rotterdam, on a thesis on income tax evasion. Before his current position, he held various research appointments in Amsterdam (mathematics), Utrecht (geography), and Rotterdam (law and psychology). His research interests include spatial aspects of crime, rational choice theory of rule compliance, statistics in the courtroom, and relationship between judges and the general public. 相似文献
Jan W. de KeijserEmail: |
Jan W. de Keijser (1968) is senior researcher at the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, in Leiden, the Netherlands. He graduated in political science and obtained his Ph.D. at Leiden University, examining judges’ sentencing decisions in relation to the functions and goals of punishment. Much of his recent research has been focused on the psychology of judicial decision making, factors influencing legitimacy of the criminal justice system, and public opinion on the justice system. Peter J. van Koppen (1953) is senior researcher at the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR) at Leiden, the Netherlands, and is professor of Law and Psychology at the departments of Law of Maastricht University and the Free University, Amsterdam. He is a psychologist. van Koppen is co-editor of Psychology, Crime, and Law and serves as President of the European Association of Psychology and Law. His research includes negotiation behaviour of attorneys in civil cases, recovered memories, geographic profiling of criminal behaviour, execution of court decisions, lie detection, judicial decision making and sentencing, police interrogations and false confessions, and value of forensic evidence. Henk Elffers (1948) is senior researcher at the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement and professor of Psychology and Law at Antwerp University, Belgium. He graduated in mathematical statistics at the University of Amsterdam and obtained his Ph.D. in Psychology of Law at Erasmus University, Rotterdam, on a thesis on income tax evasion. Before his current position, he held various research appointments in Amsterdam (mathematics), Utrecht (geography), and Rotterdam (law and psychology). His research interests include spatial aspects of crime, rational choice theory of rule compliance, statistics in the courtroom, and relationship between judges and the general public. 相似文献
279.
280.
1,2‐indanedione is used for latent fingerprint visualization on porous surfaces. In this paper, fluorescence spectra of 1,2‐indanedione after reacting with 21 individual amino acids present in latent fingerprints residue were measured in water‐methanol solutions. The fluorescence intensity depends on the amino acid used, while the fluorescence peak does not change much. The concentration of amino acids in fingerprint residue in females is almost the double of their concentration in males. This property combined with fluorescence of 1,2‐indanedione‐amino acids compounds is used for gender determination, by comparing the fluorescence intensity peaks in the same experimental conditions. In this preliminary study, the fluorescence signal from the samples representing females was almost two times the signal for samples representing males. In addition to the reduction by almost 50% of the number of suspects in a criminal research case, these results could be helpful in gaining some knowledge about the papillary residue composition. 相似文献