The long way from electronic traces to electronic evidence

Generally, traces of Internet communications established by a citizen's computer are routinely recorded on and dated by Internet servers in so‐called ‘log files’. As far as the correct dating of the electronic offence is crucial for the potential identification of the author, convincing traces need to be date‐ and time‐stamped by a Trusted Third Party (TTP). Such a time stamp does not give any assurance about the correctness of the data and dates collected, but only proves that the traffic data were in a given state at a given date and time. If the Internet Provider (IP) address appears to be one used by the company, it is foreseeable that the system administrator within the company will be able to identify the computer owning a particular IP address. In others cases, only law enforcement agencies, in the circumstances and the conditions required by the law, are entitled to identify, with the help of Internet Access Providers (IAPs), the communication line suspected to have been used beside a given IP address. Putting together the traces left at the IAP side and in the log files of the attacked server site may lead, in the best cases, to an identified communication terminal. Nevertheless, in many cases, this will not be a formal authentication of a wrongdoer.     

Une analyse du processus de determination des salaires dans le monde des conventions collectives des secteurs de la santé et de l‘éducation au Canada

Sommaire. L'objectif de cet article est d'analyser le processus de détermination des salaires chez les travailleurs syndiqués dans les secteurs de la santé et de l'éducation au Canada. L'étude porte sur les conventions collectives dans ces secteurs pour la période allant de 1964 à 1978. L'augmentation annuelle moyenne (à taux composés) des taux de base des salaires des conventions collectives pour la durée des contrats est d'abord expliquée par l'indice des postes vacants, qui reflète la demande excéentaire de main-d'oeuvre sur le marché du travail. Puis le taux de croissance de l'indice des prix à la consommation apparaît comme une variable explicative permettant de capter l'effet sur l'évolution des salaires des anticipations concernant l'inflation. Ces variables apparaissent de façon retardée et sous une forme non linéaire. A ce modèle fondamental s'ajoutent certaines autres variables, afin de tenir compte de différents aspects plus particuliers se rapportant au secteur analysé. Sont notamment évalués l'effet sur la croissance des salaires de facteurs tels que l'indexation, les contrôles des prix et salaires, la législation concernant les relations de travail, la forme des négociations, qui peut être ou bien centralisée au niveau dun gouvemement provincial ou encore décentralisée au niveau des institutions, et enfin la durée des contrats. Plusieurs réultats intéressants se dégagent de cette estimation empirique. Par exempte, dans le secteur de la santé, la sensibilité de la croissance des salaires aux conditions du marché est faible lorsque les négociations sont cen tralisées et relativement élevée en régime décentralisé. Par ailleurs, la combinaison d'un régime centralisé de négociation et du droit de grève contribuerait à accélérer la croissance des salaires dans les secteurs analysés. Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyse the salary determination process for union workers in the health and education sectors in Canada. The paper focuses on the collective agreements in those sectors, from 1964 to 1978. The average annual increase (at compound rates) of the salary base rates of these collective agreements for the duration of the contracts is first explained by the vacancy index reflecting the excess demand for labour in the labour-market. Then, the growth rate of the consumer price index seems to be another explanatory variable to capture the effect of expectations regarding inflation on salary variation. These variables appear in a delayed and non linear form. To this basic model, we add some variables in order to take into account various and more specific aspects relating to the sector being analysed. In particular, we assess the impact on salary increase of factors such as indexing, wage and price controls, labour relation legislation, the type of bargaining which can be either centralized at a provincial government level or decentralized at the institutional level, and finally the duration of contracts. Several interesting results are drawn from this empirical assessment. For example, in the health sector, the sensitivity of salary increase to labour-market conditions is low when the bargaining is centralized and relatively high in a decentralized system. Also, the combination of a centralized bargaining system with the right to strike seems to contribute to accelerated salary increases in the analysed sectors.     

Nursing Students' Attitudes Toward Victims of Domestic Violence as Predicted by Selected Individual and Relationship Variables

Access to quality health care for victims of abuse is often limited by the attitudes of health care professionals. Data collected from female nursing students (n = 155) revealed that those students with more egalitarian sex-role beliefs and a greater sense of control over life events were more sympathetic to battered women than those students with more traditional sex-role attitudes and less perceived control. Sex-role egalitarianism was found to be the best predictor of attitudes toward victims of domestic violence. Implications for health care practitioners and policy makers are presented.     

Ethnic and American Identity as Predictors of Self-Esteem Among African American,Latino, and White Adolescents

In order to examine ethnic and American identity as predictors of self-esteem among adolescents, we surveyed 669 American-born high school students (372 Latinos, 232 African Americans, and 65 Whites). Participants completed measures of self-esteem, ethnic identity, American identity, attitudes toward other groups, and demographic variables. Multiple regression analyses of self-esteem were carried out separately for each ethnic group, using ethnic and American identity, other-group attitudes, gender, age, socioeconomic status, and grade point average as predictors. Results indicated that for all groups ethnic identity was a significant predictor of self-esteem. For the White students only, American identity was a strong predictor of self-esteem and was highly correlated with ethnic identity. Other predictors varied across ethnic groups. Although ethnic identity was a significant predictor of self-esteem, it accounted for a relatively small proportion of the variance, suggesting the importance of other influences on self-esteem.