The Jerusalem chamber of commerce,industry, and agriculture, 1909–1910: an early attempt at inter-communal cooperation

The founding of the Jerusalem Chamber of Commerce, Industry, and Agriculture in 1909 and its short term of activity represent a pioneering and unique attempt at inter-communal cooperation with the purpose of developing the local economy and improving the infrastructures that would support economic expansion and improve the conditions of the local population. The chamber of commerce brought together prominent Muslims, Christians and Jews, both local Ottoman and foreign, who engaged in commerce, industry and agriculture. This all was happening during a time of uncertainty, change and optimism following the Young Turk revolution and the restoration of the constitution in July 1908. The Jerusalem Chamber of Commerce fostered horizontal linkages across religion and ethnicity through Ottoman citizenship and the pursuit of modernist economic and social goals. The discussion details the founding and the activities of the Jerusalem chamber of commerce. Highlighted are the concerns of local businessmen and their plans for infrastructure development and their promotion of better economic regulations. The discussion draws upon eight issues of its bulletin and underscores the unique resources found in the short-lived publication and evaluates their reliability.     

Welcome to China

正Iarrived in Beijing late on a Friday night. After rough weather cancelled my connecting flight in the United States, I was given a non-stop ticket to Tokyo. My seat was upgraded on both planes, totaling a smooth 21 hours of travel time.     

POLICE DISCRETION AT THE ARRESTING STAGE OF TERRORISM CRIMINAL SUSPECT： EFFORT OF INDONESIAN POLICE IN COMBATING TERRORISM CRIME

The police arresting action that should be done to the suspect of terrorism determined by the understanding about the prevailing law and morality and standard operational procedure, the authority should not oppose with human rights in order to determine the abuse in the police discretion at the arrest stage. In the criminal law enforcement practice related with the terrorism arrest has occurred abuse of authorities if not based on rationality and the understanding and implementation of true legal norms that will influence the law enforcement. The effort to eradicate the terrorism criminal offense should be followed by executive policy formulation as the clear, firm and measured fixed criminal procedure law so each power usage in the police action, especially firearms can be answered based on human rights, police code of conduct, basic principle on the use of force and firearms. The paper attempts to describe and analyse the police discretion power as defined on the Act No. 2 Year 2002 concerning Indonesian National Police particularly at the arresting stage terrorism criminal suspect in the effort of combating terrorism crime in the country.     

The Russo‐Chinese frontier

General

The Anatomy of Communist Takeovers. Edited by Thomas T. Hammond. New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1975. Pp. 664. Bibliog. Index. £12.50 (paper £3.00).

Peasant Rebellion and Communist Revolution in Asia. Edited by John Wilson Lewis. Stanford, California, Stanford University Press, 1974. Pp. 364. Index. $12.95.

Peasant Society in a Changing Economy. Comparative Development in South‐East Asia and India. By George Rosen. Urbana, Chicago and London, University of Illinois Press, 1975. Pp. xiii+256. $8.95.

History ‐ Remembered, Recovered, Invented. By Bernard Lewis. Princeton and London, Princeton University Press, 1975. Pp. 111. Index. £3.45.

The First Kuwait Oil Concession: a record of the negotiations for the 1934 agreement. By Archibald H. T. Chisholm. London, Frank Cass, 1975. Pp. 254. Illus. Index. £8.00.

Middle East

Faisal: The King and his Kingdom. By Vincent Sheean. Tavistock, Devon, University Press of Arabia, 1975. Pp. 176. Maps. Illus. Index. £4.95.

Riza Shah Pahlavi: The Resurrection and Reconstruction of Iran 1878–1944. By Donald N. Wilber. New York, Exposition Press, 1975. Pp. 301. Illus. Index. £15.00.

The Golden Age of Persia. The Arabs in the East. By Richard N. Frye. London, Weidenfeld &; Nicolson, 1975. Pp. 290. Maps. Illus. Bibliog. Index. £7.00.

War, Technology and Society in the Middle East Edited by V. J. Parry and M. E. Yapp. London, Oxford University Press, 1975. Pp. 448. Bibliog. Index. £7.00.

South Asia

Elections and Political Development: The South Asian Experience. By Norman D. Palmer. London, C. Hurst &; Co., 1975. Pp. x+301. Notes. Index. £7.75.

South Asian Crisis. By Robert Jackson, London, Chatto &; Windus, 1975. Pp. 240. Appendix. Maps. Index. £4.00.

The Local Roots of Indian Politics: Allahabad 1880–1920. By C. A. Bayly. Clarendon Press; London, Oxford University Press, 1975. Pp. 314. Maps. Bibliog. Index. £10.00.

The Myth of the Lokamanya. Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra. By Richard I. Cashman. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, University of California Press, 1975. Pp. 246. Appendix. Glossary. Index. £6.85.

Muslim Community in Bengal 1884–1912. By Sufia Ahmed. London, Oxford University Press, 1975. Pp. 425. Map. Bibliog. Index. £5.75.

Electoral Politics in an Emergent State. The Ceylon General Election of May 1970. By A. Jeyaratnam Wilson. London, Cambridge University Press, 1975. Pp. 240. Maps. Index. £7.00.

Political Structure in a Changing Sinhalese Village. By Marguerite S. Robinson. London, Cambridge University Press, 1975. Pp. 376. Illus. Bibliog. Index. £9.75.

South‐East Asia

Konfrontasi: The Indonesian‐Malaysian Dispute 1963–1966. By J. A. C. Mackie. Kuala Lumpur and London, Oxford University Press, 1975. Pp. 368. Maps. Bibliog. Index. £12.25.

The Communist Insurrection in Malaya 1948–1960. By Anthony Short. London, Frederick Muller, 1975. Pp. 547. Bibliog. Index. £8.95.

Malay Peasant Society and Leadership. By S. Husin Ali. Kuala Lumpur and London, Oxford University Press (East Asian Social Science Monographs), 1975. Pp. 192. Appendices. Glossary. Bibliog. Index. £8.60.

The Politics of Belonging: Political Change in Sabah and Sarawak. By Margaret Clark Roff. Kuala Lumpur and London, Oxford University Press, 1975. Pp. 202. Map. Bibliog. Index. £7.85.

USSR

A Siberian Journey. The Journal of Hans Jakob Fries, 1774–1776. Translated and edited by Walther Kirchner. London, Frank Cass, 1975. Pp. 183. Maps. Illus. Bibliog. Index. £5.50.

Far East

Liu Shao‐ch'i and the Chinese Cultural Revolution. The Politics of Mass Criticism. By Lowell Dittmer. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, University of California. Press, 1975. Pp. 386. Bibliog. Index. £7.10.

The Times Atlas of China. Edited by P. J. M. Geelan and D. C. Twitchett. London, Times Books, 1974. Pp. 144 plus Index. £25.00.

Prelude to Revolution. Mao, the Party, and the Peasant Question 1962–66. By Richard Baum. New York and London, Columbia University Press, 1975. Pp. 222. Bibliog. Index. £5.50.

The Chinese City between Two Worlds. Edited by Mark Elvin and G. William Skinner. Stanford University Press; London, Oxford University Press, 1975. Pp. 458. Maps. Index. £11.00.

Prisoner of Mao. By Bao Ruo‐Wang (Jean Pasqualini) and Rudolph Chelminski. London, André Deutsch, 1975. Pp. 319. Sketch map. £3.95.

China's Republican Revolution. The Case of Kwangtung, 1895–1913. By Edward J. M. Rhoads. Cambridge, Mass., and London, Harvard University Press, 1975. Pp. 366. Notes. Glossary. Bibliog. Index. £9.90.

China and Pakistan. Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale. By Anwar H. Syed. Massachusetts University Press; London, Oxford University Press, 1975, Pp. 259. Index. £3.00.

The Chinese Theatre in Modern Times from 1840 to the Present Day. By Colin Mackerras. London, Thames and Hudson, 1975. Pp. 256. Illus. Index. £6.75.

The Poetry of Meng Chiao and Han Yu. By Stephen Owen. New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1975. Pp. 294. Glossary. Index. £8.25.

Japan's Greater East Asia Co‐prosperity Sphere in World War II. Selected readings and documents. By Joyce C. Lebra. London, Oxford University Press, 1975. Pp. 212. Glossary. Bibliog. Index. £10.00.

Palace and Politics in Prewar Japan. By David A. Titus. New York and London, Columbia University Press, 1975. Pp. 360. Bibliog. Index. £10.00.

A Social Basis for Prewar Japanese Militarism. The Army and the Rural Community. By Richard J. Smethurst. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, University of California Press, 1975. Pp. xxi+202. Bibliog. Index. £7.70.