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181.
The likelihood that longevity will continue to increase has generated a search for regulation that make people work longer as they live longer, and thus not just containing pension expenditure but also enlarging labor supply, economic growth, and tax revenue. In public pension policy, Nordic countries have led the world with three types of approaches aimed at making people retire later. The first came when Sweden, followed by Finland and Norway, installed life expectancy coefficients in benefit calculation formulas. The second followed as Finland introduced age-related accrual rates and the third when Denmark indexed the pensionable age to developments in life expectancy. Since economic incentive-based regulations failed to raise exit ages sufficiently, Finland and Sweden subsequently linked pensionable ages to life expectancy like Denmark. While this policy brings out inequalities in health and workability, the fact that countries found it necessary to index the pensionable age to longevity instead of just relying on economic incentives in regulating retirement behavior may hold lessons for other countries. 相似文献
182.
Mariam R. Mourad Alytia A. Levendosky G. Anne Bogat Alexander von Eye 《Journal of family violence》2008,23(8):661-670
Using a diathesis–stress model, this study examined the development of depressive and anxiety symptoms in women who experience
stressors of domestic violence (DV) and/or negative life events (NLEs) over the course of three years. Family history of affective
mental health problems represented the diathesis. Using a person-oriented approach, 182 women were grouped into 6 risk profiles
based on varying levels of DV and NLEs. Results showed that family history of psychopathology increased vulnerability to mental
health disorders; however, the best predictor of symptoms was the presence of either stressor at any time. A quadratic relationship
between the risk pattern and mental health symptoms indicated that fluctuations in depression were related to the pattern
of stress experienced. Results support the diathesis–stress model for occurrence of depressive but not anxiety symptoms in
women with DV and/or NLEs. 相似文献
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Klaus von Lampe 《Trends in Organized Crime》2008,11(3):309-313
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David Quarfoot Douglas von Kohorn Kevin Slavin Rory Sutherland David Goldstein Ellen Konar 《Public Choice》2017,172(1-2):283-303
Since their introduction in 1932, Likert and other continuous, independent rating scales have become the de facto toolset for survey research. Scholars have raised significant reliability and validity problems with these types of scales, and alternative methods for capturing perceptions and preferences have gained traction within specific domains. In this paper, we evaluate a new, broadly applicable approach to opinion measurement based on quadratic voting (QV), a method in which respondents express preferences by ‘buying’ votes for options using a fixed budget from which they pay quadratic prices for votes. Comparable QV-based and Likert-based survey instruments designed by Collective Decision Engines LLC were evaluated experimentally by assigning potential respondents randomly to one or the other method. Using a host of metrics, including respondent engagement and process-based metrics, we provide some initial evidence that the QV-based instrument provides a clearer measure of the preferences of the most intensely motivated respondents than the Likert-based instrument does. We consider the implications for survey satisficing, a key threat to the continued value of survey research, and discuss the mechanisms by which QV differentiates itself from Likert-based scales, thus establishing QV as a promising alternative survey tool for political and commercial research. We also explore key design issues within QV-based surveys to extend these promising results. 相似文献
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Klaus von Lampe 《Trends in Organized Crime》2008,11(4):456-458
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We argue that administrative agencies should base their decisions on Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) for two reasons: first the well known ex ante effect that CBA make public decisions more rational and second the little discussed ex post effect that the agency’s CBA provides valuable information to judicial or political bodies controlling the agency. The ex post purpose of CBA implies (judicial review of administrative decisions) or requires (political review) the public availability of the CBA. A conflict between this public availability and the protection of trade secrets arises, if the costs or benefits of a decision depend on information which are trade secrets. As a solution to this conflict, we propose a nonpublic in camera court procedure which leaves little discretion to the agency. 相似文献