The black chamber in the Dutch republic and the seven years' war, 1751-63

Using mainly primary sources, this article looks first at the complicated framework of the Dutch state and its foreign policy during the period under investigation, tracing the roots of the Black Chamber and its first results with regard to the Prussian codes. It then attempts to explain how and why the first French codes were broken and shows under what conditions the Black Chamber acquired permanent status. Finally the article investigates the scope and limits of its success.     

Valuations – or How to Say the Unsayable

In this paper, the author revisits the emotive theory of value and argues that values are not entities but nothing other than linguistic fictions. Accordingly, valuations—i.e., valuing actions—can be defined as approving or disapproving attitudes of a subject to some object. In this perspective, values cannot be true or false: What we can do is just compare them with regard to strength. As a consequence, value judgments are to be understood as sentences which are used either to say that a subject s values an object o positively or negatively, or to express (evince) a valuation. The author then shows some relations between normative and evaluative discourses. First, he claims that norms as well as valuations are not true or false. Second, he argues that both may be explained or justified, even if the former are usually justified teleologically whereas the latter are explained referring back to the subject's background and life-style. Third, he notes that a legal order originates from the fact that valuations crystallize into norms. Finally, the author examines some further questions related to his analysis. In particular, he argues that the different realms of values, e.g., morals, aesthetics, politics, etc., do not correspond to different evaluative attitudes, but to different phenomena and diverse spheres of human life.     

The Sexual Trafficking of Juveniles: A Theoretical Model

Research on the sexual trafficking of juveniles has increased. However, there has been no theoretical model developed incorporating variables into a systemic, interactive analysis of the issue. Utilizing Parsonian functionalism as its foundation, the authors developed such a model. The model is based on sociological, criminological, and psychological theories and concepts with a particular emphasis on the role of environmental design in trafficking. Unique to this study, the authors propose that a symbiotic relationship exists between the adolescent brain and trafficker as psychopath as contextualized in the Stockholm syndrome. We offer research and policy implications based on the model.     

Private-sector development in a transition economy: The case of Vietnam

Since Vietnam introduced its Doi Moi reform policy in 1986, the development of the private sector has been a main policy concern for the government and the ruling Communist Party. The main development challenge for Vietnam is how to sustain economic growth and reduce poverty as the labour force continues to expand. It is envisaged that the private sector will play a major role in that respect. This article looks into the issue of whether the private sector can live up to widespread expectations. High and stable economic growth indicates that reforms have been consistent but also that private-sector initiatives have moved ahead of formal institutional changes. Private-sector development is new in Vietnam and starts from a low level. The public and foreign investment sectors are major players compared to the domestic private sector, which comprises many small firms. Poverty reduction has been impressive but it is only now that private-sector development is becoming an important contributor. Stemming the growth in inequality remains a challenge where the private sector's contribution to increasing public revenue has yet to materialise.     

Introduction: Household and family contexts in the Balkans

The structural study of the Balkan family began in the United States in the 1940s, producing several generations of scholars. Such scholarly continuity is much more recent on the European continent. Findings to date suggest the Balkan pattern of male equal partible inheritance could lead to four distinctive household formation patterns. But though it seems that the inheritance system played a key role, it was only in combination with additional elements that a distinctive pattern evolved. These additional elements were neolocality or patrivirilocality; environmental factors (abundance or scarcity of land, remote mountainous regions, islands); economic factors such as forms of pastoralism, mixed production or fishing; and agnatic kinship as opposed to community ties. Future research will have to continue to address the question of Balkan familial diversity, as well as how the Balkans compare to the rest of Europe with respect to crucial familial characteristics.     

BodyShock: A technology transfer case study

This case study presents a test of a technology transfer model developed by Karl Dakin of The Denver Technology Exchange Corporation. The model involves the creation of a new business organization dedicated solely to completing the transfer of a technology to a single application. In this case, the technology is the BodyShock, developed by Jim Hartway with JH Design, Inc., of Littleton, Colorado.     

Science,Politics, and Persistent Organic Pollutants: The Role of Scientific Assessments in International Environmental Co-operation

International measures to address environmental problems increasingly rely on scientific information, and a growing number of international agreements require periodic scientific re-assessments. However, the arena of scientific assessment, governed by a combination of scientific criteria and political interests, is not well-understood, and few case studies have mapped the influence of scientific assessment on the birth and development of environmental policy issues. This article examines the role of scientific assessments and the science-politics interplay in international attempts to regulate persistent organic pollutants (POPs), focusing on the processes within the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The study shows that scientific and political activities are intrinsically linked in international POPs work. Scientific and political agendas are co-constructed with no clear boundary between the science and politics spheres. Scientific assessments played a prominent role in constructing POPs as an issue of international concern, setting agendas and shaping policies.     

Controlling bureaucracy: attitudes in the Alberta Public Service towards the Ombudsman

Abstract. The Ombudsman represents a recent and interesting example of the transfer of political institutions across cultural boundaries. The Ombudsman was established in Alberta both as an attempt to assist the consumer of government services in coping with an increasingly complex bureaucracy and as a legislative auxiliary for controlling bureaucracy. The degree to which the Ombudsman is accepted or rejected by the public service is an important variable in measuring the success of the transfer. The usefulness of the Ombudsman as an innovation in the field of citizen-government relations depends to a considerable extent on the impact which the Ombudsman has on the provincial bureaucracy. Other than correcting a relatively small number of cases of maladministration, does the Ombudsman contribute to improving public administration? Are there dysfunctional consequences (e.g. hidden costs) in imposing yet another control agency on bureaucracy? How does the presence of the Ombudsman affect the behaviour of officials? In this article the author analyses part of the data from an extensive survey of a representative sample of the Alberta public service concerning officials' perception of and attitudes towards the Ombudsman. Several diverse attitude measures show that in the aggregate the provincial public service has a remarkably positive attitude towards the Ombudsman. Several variables are considered in search of an explanation for this attitude structure. The findings allow predictions about officials' behaviour in official-client interactions, which are also tested against direct and indirect data on behaviour obtained in the survey. Sommaire. Le Protecteur du citoyen (‘Ombudsman’) constitue un exemple particulièrement intéressant illustrant bien la tendance récente à transposer des institutions politiques au dela des frontières culturelles. Le poste de Protecteur du citoyen a été créé en Alberta dans le but d'assister le consommateur de services des administrations publiques dans ses relations avec une bureaucratie de plus en plus complexe, et d'exercer une fonction d'auxiliaire législatif capable de contrôler cette bureaucratie. Le mesure dans laquelle le Protecteur du citoyen est accepté ou rejeté par la fonction publique constitue une variable importante permettant de mesurer le succès de l'institution. L'utilité du Protecteur du citoyen considéré comme phénomène nouveau apparu dans le contexte des relations entre les citoyens et les pouvoirs publics dépend dans une large mesure de l'influence qu'il exerce sur la bureaucratie provinciale. Abstraction faite des mesures correctives apportées à un nombre relativement réduit d'erreurs et de lacunes administratives, le Protecteur du citoyen contribue-t-il à améliorer la qualité de l'administration publique? Faut-il craindre que l'imposition d'un nouvel organe de contrôle à la bureaucratic n'engendre des consequences liées à des troubles fonctionnels (par exemple des coûts non apparents)? Comment la présence du Protecteur du citoyen affecte-t-elle le comportement des fonctionnaires? Dans cet article, l'auteur analyse une partie des données recueillies dans le cadre d'une analyse détaillée d'un échantillon représentatif de la fonction publique en Alberta effectuée pour déterminer l'idée que les fonctionnaires se font du Protecteur du citoyen, et kurs attitudes à son égard. Diverses evaluations des attitudes indiquent que, dans l'ensemble, la fonction publique provinciale se distingue par une attitude extrêmement positive vis-à-vis du Protecteur du citoyen. L'auteur examine plusieurs variables pour essayer d'expliquer pourquoi cette attitude est structurée de la sorte. Les conclusions permettent de formuler des prévisions au sujet du comportement des fonctionnaires au niveau des contacts fonctionnaire-client, lesquels font également l'objet d'une analyse comparative faisant intervenir des données directes et indirectes sur le comportement obtenues dans le cadre de l'étude.