Rückforderung bereits entstandener Provisionen nach dem HVertrG

Die Rückforderung bereits entstandener Provisionen durch den Unternehmer ist nach der relativ zwingenden Beweislastregel des § 9 Abs 3 HVertrG dem echten Untervertreter gegenüber nur zul?ssig, wenn der Unternehmer (Hauptvertreter) nachweist, dass die Nichtausführung des Gesch?fts (zB Zahlungsverzug des Kunden; Stornogrund) nicht der Sph?re der Produktgesellschaft zuzurechnen ist. Eine Rückforderung ist insoweit ausgeschlossen, als der Unternehmer selbst die Provision aus dem entsprechenden Gesch?ft nicht an seine Partnergesellschaft zurückgezahlt hat. Vor Entstehen des Provisionsanspruchs handelt es sich bei Provisionsbuchungen um echte Vorschüsse, die im Fall einer Vereinbarung mit negativen Salden aus der Provisionsabrechnung gegenverrechnet werden dürfen.     

The use of linear dichroism in forensic fibre examinations — Part 6. Validation and practical aspects of MSP-PPL

This paper summarizes the results of previous work on the microscopic observation of linear dichroism found in dyed fibres (polyesters, polyamides, wool, silk, cotton, viscose, acrylics and acetates) and in pigmented fibres as well as the measurements on these fibre classes using microspectrophotometry with plane polarized light (MSP-PPL). The validation of this method is discussed and a practical tool is proposed for comparing fibre traces with control fibres. The limitations and strengths of this method are also revised.     

Conditions of success and political problems of a ‘media‐mediated personality‐party’: The case of Forza Italia

The emergence of Forza Italia should not be exclusively reduced to specific Italian conditions. This article attempts to explain the development and establishment of Forza Italia as part of a general change of politics in a modern, highly media‐oriented western society. The type of party represented by Forza Italia can be defined as a ‘media‐mediated personality‐party’. With regard to its structural organisation, it presents itself as an answer to tendencies of differentiation, individualisation and consumerisation in modern society. The leading organisational principle is not inner‐party democracy but inter‐party capability to compete. This model of organisation is seen as functional for a marketing‐based, media‐orientated political strategy. It represents a challenge for the type of democratic, mass‐membership party in western Europe. The 1996 elections in Italy, however, have also pointed out the limits of the model of the media‐mediated personality‐party.