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981.
Daniel W. Drezner 《国际研究季刊》1998,42(4):709-731
Despite their increasing importance, there is little theoretical understanding of why nation-states initiate economic sanctions or what determines their success. These events are often explained away as "symbolic politics" driven completely by domestic-level factors. This article develops a simple game-theoretic model of economic coercion to show that both "senders" and "targets" of economic coercion incorporate expectations of future conflict as well as the short-run opportunity costs of coercion into their behavior. Conflict expectations have a paradoxical effect on coercion events. First, senders that anticipate frequent conflicts will be more willing to initiate economic coercion, even if such attempts are costly. Senders that anticipate few conflicts will not threaten sanctions unless they incur minimal costs and the target would suffer significantly. While a robust anticipation of future disputes might make the sender prefer a coercive strategy, it also reduces its ability to obtain concessions. Target states that anticipate frequent conflict with the sender will make fewer concessions. Ironically, a sender will obtain the most favorable distribution of payoffs when it cares the least about its reputation or the distribution of gains. These hypotheses are tested statistically, with the results strongly supporting the conflict expectations model. 相似文献
982.
Negotiation Journal - 相似文献
983.
984.
D B Busch R W Huntington H A Hartmann 《The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology》1987,8(1):64-67
We here report an unusual, apparently accidental death, in which weakness associated with a progressive neuromuscular disease, Friedreich's ataxia, apparently resulted in the drowning of the deceased. The possibility of neuromuscular disease as a rare cause of drownings should not be overlooked. 相似文献
985.
986.
Karen A. Mason 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2007,31(2):23-36
This article examines how changes in penal ideology may affect the experiences of white-collar offenders under community supervision.
In-depth interviews with white-collar offenders on their experiences while under federal probation are used to examine how
changes in criminal punishment have undermined the traditional reintegrative and rehabilitative goals of community supervision.
The analysis suggests that shifts to a more managerial, actuarial model that seeks depersonalized efficiency has unintended
consequences that delegitimatize the criminal justice system, and foster sentiments of degradation. Based on these findings,
considerations for future research are discussed. 相似文献
987.
988.
989.
Police officers served as public health sentinels to collect data on children exposed to domestic violence across an entire
municipality for 1 year. This study extended research by investigating a typology of domestic violence crimes and children’s
direct sensory exposure to these types. Police officers used a standard, validated protocol to collect data on all substantiated
domestic violence. Findings revealed that almost half of all events had children present, and 81% of these children were directly
exposed to the violence. Children under the age of 6 years old were at greater risk of exposure. Identified domestic violence
households with children were more likely to be low-income, non-White, and headed by a single female, compared to households
at large. Cluster analysis revealed seven domestic violence event profiles. Typology showed that children were disproportionately
exposed to the most unstable and dangerous profiles including weapon use, mutual assault, and substance abuse. 相似文献
990.