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791.
Kevin?J.?Barrett Maria ?Haberfeld Michael?C.?Walker 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2009,52(2):159-179
This article examines the attitudes of sample populations of urban, suburban and rural police officers in New Jersey in regard
to a hypothetical use of force scenario. The aim of the study is to identify similarities and differences in the perceptions
of officers who are faced with the same type of hypothetical situations but who are exposed to different training, procedural
and environmental factors. Police officers in the United States receive different types of training in each state that might
influence their attitudes towards the use of force. A pilot study was conducted comparing two urban police departments from
two different states and showed some differences in the attitudes of the surveyed officers. To further explore these differences,
a more refined look at three police departments in one state (New Jersey) was conducted as part of a doctoral dissertation
of the lead author. Research questions are aimed at identifying the differences in the frameworks for the justification of
force based on a host of variables. The research questions stipulated that there will be some significant differences in attitudes
towards the use of force by the officers, based on physical location of the communities they police. The findings of the study
identified additional factors that might influence the officers’ attitudes. Twelve focus groups, four at each of the sites,
were analyzed and it appears that there may be a geographic and demographic influence on how the officers respond to the scenario. 相似文献
792.
Kevin Buckler Steve Wilson Patti Ross Salinas 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2009,34(3-4):238-252
Prior studies have found that symbolic racism and negative African-American stereotypes are linked to public preferences for punitive criminal justice policy. But prior studies have mostly focused attention on White respondents and have not adequately examined whether the effects of symbolic racism and negative African American stereotypes are the same across race and ethnicity. This study used the 2000 American National Election Study data to fill this gap in the empirical literature. The study found that the effects of symbolic racism were broad and generally impact Whites, African-Americans, and members of other races/ethnicities the same. The effects of negative African-American stereotype were more limited. This variable predicted punishment policy preference for members of other races/ethnicities and there were significant differences in how stereotypes impacted policy preferences across race and ethnicity. Implications for theory are discussed. 相似文献
793.
Dr Stephen Porter Leanne ten Brinke Kevin Wilson 《Legal and Criminological Psychology》2009,14(1):109-118
Purpose. This study investigated the influence of psychopathy and sex offender subtype on criminal history, probability of being granted conditional release, and performance while on conditional release in a diverse group of violent offenders. We predicted that psychopathic sexual offenders would be associated with relatively prolific violent and sexual offending, a high probability of successful conditional release applications despite their past behaviour (resulting from ‘putting on a good show’ in a parole hearing), and poor performance in the community. Methods. Information was gathered via a correctional file review of 310 Canadian male federal offenders. Offenders were categorized into groups based on their sexual offence history (non‐sex offender, rapist, child molester, or mixed rapist/molester) and Psychopathy Checklist – Revised (PCL‐R; Hare, 2003) ratings. Their offences (sexual, violent, or non‐violent) and their complete conditional release histories were coded. Results. Psychopathy was associated with more violent and non‐violent, but not sexual, offences. A significant interaction between psychopathy and offender subtype revealed that psychopathy was associated with a greater number of sex offences within child molesters. High‐psychopathy offenders (both sexual and non‐sexual offenders) were about 2.5 times more likely to be granted conditional release than non‐psychopathic offenders. Conclusions. Psychopathy is associated with more prolific sexual offending among child molesters and – despite their extensive criminal histories and high recidivism rate – a great proficiency in persuading parole boards to release them into the community. Specialized education and training in dealing with psychopathic offenders is urgently needed. 相似文献
794.
795.
Legitimacy in a Postcolonial Legal System: Public Perception of Procedural Justice and Moral Alignment Toward the Courts in Hong Kong 下载免费PDF全文
Kevin Kwok‐yin Cheng 《Law & social inquiry》2018,43(1):212-228
Legitimacy is said to be comprised of two underlying constructs: obligation to obey and moral alignment. However, legitimacy studies are mainly derived from contexts where the legal system has evolved naturally and is said to reflect the values of society. There is a paucity of research measuring public perceptions of legitimacy in postcolonial settings such as Hong Kong where the legal system was initially transplanted and many of its values may not reflect those of the local population. Procedural justice has been asserted to be a primary antecedent by which legal authorities improve their legitimacy and moral alignment. This study examines whether procedural justice is positively associated with legitimacy and moral alignment with the courts. Moreover, this study tests whether legitimacy is positively associated with cooperation with the courts. Using a random survey of the Hong Kong general population, both questions are answered in the affirmative. Implications are discussed. 相似文献
796.
Caterina G. Roman Hannah J. Klein Kevin T. Wolff 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2018,14(2):155-185
Objectives
We highlight the importance of documenting the step-by-step processes used for the selection of comparison areas when evaluating a community-level intervention that targets a large-scale community.Methods
We demonstrate the proposed method using a propensity score matching framework for an impact analysis of the Cure Violence Public Health Model in Philadelphia. To select comparison communities, propensity score models are run using different levels of aggregation to define the intervention site. We discuss the trade-offs made.Results
We find wide variation in documentation and explanation in the extant literature of the methods used to select comparison communities. The size of the unit of analysis at which a community is measured complicates the decision processes, and in turn, can affect the validity of the counterfactual.Conclusions
It is important to carefully consider the unit of analysis for measurement of comparison communities. Assessing the geographic clustering of matched communities to mirror that of the treated community holds conceptual appeal and represents a strategy to consider when evaluating community-level interventions taking place at a large scale. Regardless of the final decisions made in the selection of the counterfactual, the field could benefit from more systematic diagnostic tools that document and guide the steps and decisions along the way, and ask: “could there have been another way of doing each step, and what difference would this have made?” Overall, across community-level evaluations that utilize quasi-experimental designs, documentation of the counterfactual selection process will provide a more fine-grained understanding of causal inference.797.
Douglas KS Lilienfeld SO Skeem JL Poythress NG Edens JF Patrick CJ 《Law and human behavior》2008,32(6):511-525
Offenders with antisocial traits are relatively likely to attempt suicide, largely because they are more likely to have high
negative emotionality and low constraint. Among 682 male offenders, we tested whether negative emotionality, low constraint,
and also substance use problems mediated any relationship between antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and psychopathy on
the one hand, and suicide-related behavior (SRB) and ideation on the other. ASPD and the impulsivity/lifestyle features of
psychopathy weakly predicted SRB. High negative emotionality and low constraint (but not substance use) mediated the relation
between ASPD and SRB. Impulsivity/lifestyle features of psychopathy retained an independent predictive effect. Self-report
psychopathy measures added unique predictive variance to the Psychopathy Checklist—Revised. We discuss implications for suicide
risk assessment and prevention.
相似文献
Kevin S. DouglasEmail: |
798.
Michelle Wood Marleen Laloup Maria del Mar Ramirez Fernandez Kevin M. Jenkins Michael S. Young Jan G. Ramaekers Gert De Boeck Nele Samyn 《Forensic Science International Supplement Series》2005,150(2-3):227
We present a validated method for the simultaneous analysis of basic drugs which comprises a sample clean-up step, using mixed-mode solid-phase extraction (SPE), followed by LC–MS/MS analysis. Deuterated analogues for all of the analytes of interest were used for quantitation. The applied HPLC gradient ensured the elution of all the drugs examined within 14 min and produced chromatographic peaks of acceptable symmetry. Selectivity of the method was achieved by a combination of retention time, and two precursor-product ion transitions for the non-deuterated analogues. Oral fluid was collected with the Intercept®, a FDA approved sampling device that is used on a large scale in the US for workplace drug testing. However, this collection system contains some ingredients (stabilizers and preservatives) that can cause substantial interferences, e.g. ion suppression or enhancement during LC–MS/MS analysis, in the absence of suitable sample pre-treatment. The use of the SPE was demonstrated to be highly effective and led to significant decreases in the interferences. Extraction was found to be both reproducible and efficient with recoveries >76% for all of the analytes. Furthermore, the processed samples were demonstrated to be stable for 48 h, except for cocaine and benzoylecgonine, where a slight negative trend was observed, but did not compromise the quantitation. In all cases the method was linear over the range investigated (2–200 μg/L) with an excellent intra-assay and inter-assay precision (coefficients of variation <10% in most cases) for QC samples spiked at a concentration of 4, 12 and 100 μg/L. Limits of quantitation were estimated to be at 2 μg/L with limits of detection ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 μg/L, which meets the requirements of SAMHSA for oral fluid testing in the workplace. The method was subsequently applied to the analysis of Intercept® samples collected at the roadside by the police, and to determine MDMA and MDA levels in oral fluid samples from a controlled study. 相似文献
799.
800.