Microcredit and Marital Violence: Moderating Effects of Husbands’ Gender Ideology

Evidence on the relation between women’s microcredit participation and their exposure to marital violence has been inconsistent across studies. This study examined how women’s various levels of microcredit participation are associated with marital violence against women (MVW), while also taking into account the husbands’ gender ideology. The study included 243 wife-abusive men in rural Bangladesh. Multiple regressions were performed to predict the frequency of MVW in the preceding year. Of the married women, 52.3 % were microcredit participants, 11.1 % of whom were active participants and 41.2 % nominal participants. The study showed that women’s active microcredit participation was negatively associated with MVW, and nominal participation was positively associated with MVW among the husbands who held a more conservative gender ideology. The findings suggest that women-focused microcredit interventions should also take into account men’s gender ideologies.     

The “state-led-economy” issue in the BIT negotiations and its policy implications for China

The state-led-economy provisions in the U.S. model BIT, which was released in April 2012, aims to impose strict regulations on the SOEs and exert great influence on state-led economy model. China and the U.S. are now in the midst of negotiating a BIT, and the U.S. government insists on negotiating on the basis of its 2012 model BIT. If China is to accept the 2012 U.S. model for the proposed BIT between the two nations, unprecedented international obligations will be placed in the field of international investment. In this context, in order to provide a reference for the BIT negotiation, the author will analyze, from the perspective of normative jurisprudence, which economic activities are included in the scope of state-led economy provisions, whether China should accept the clauses and the possible impact of accepting it. China’s economy has indivisible relationship with State-owned enterprises (SOEs). At present, most of these SOEs have clustered in those sectors that play crucial roles in the national economy such as energy, telecommunication and finances. Despite several rounds of reform on the SOEs aiming at a separation of governmental functions from corporate management, and a modern market-oriented governance structure, Chinese SOEs remain monopolies or de facto monopolies with exclusive access to many important industries relevant to national economy and people’s livelihood. Further, SOEs can enjoy a lot of privileges in their operation, some even have certain regulatory authority which is supposed to be exercised by the government. This kind of economic model is called State-led economy. The 2012 U.S. model for bilateral investment treaties (BIT) is characterized by the inclusion of the state-led economy provisions, which means that there are more restrictive regulations governing SOEs and their special treatment, and countervailing their competition implication in the host country and their home country. Apart from creating a fair and impartial environment for the investors, this international investment regime, represented by 2012 U.S. BIT model, is in some way, intended to alter the host country’s economic governance regime. In accordance with the decision of the 5th round of the U.S.–China Strategic and Economic Dialogue, both parties are dedicated to proceeding the BIT negotiations (The 5th Round of the U.S.–China Strategic and Economic Dialogue: broad consensus achieved and positive progress made, People’s Daily, p 3, 2013). The U.S. government has insisted that they would base its 2012 model as a blueprint of BIT text negotiation. Seemingly to illustrate, the 6th round of the U.S.–China Strategic and Economic Dialogue has reached a consensus that an earlier launch of negotiation on the negative list will be expected in 2015 (The 6th Round of the U.S.–China Strategic and Economic Dialogue: broad consensus achieved and positive progress made, People’s Daily, p 3, 2014; Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China, The 14th Round of the U.S.–China Investment Treaty Negotiation is Held in Washington, D.C., 2014). If China is to accept the new BIT model, it will bring China a bundle of increasing obligations under this system and an unprecedented impact on China’s mode for economic development. As a contracting party, China will have to carry out a comprehensively economic reform to comply with the disciplines specified in the BIT. It is also understandable that the incorporation of the state-led economy provision in the China–U.S. BIT will in turn accelerate the domestic economic reforms. In this context, research on the issue of state-led economy in the BIT negotiation will be of significance to China’s dealing with the core issue in the BIT, China’s fulfillment of treaty obligations and its promotion of domestic economic reform via BIT negotiations. In order to provide a reference for the BIT negotiation, the author will identify from the perspective of normative jurisprudence, the economic activities that fall within the scope of state-led economy provisions, project the possible impact of state-led economy provisions and how China should handle negotiation surrounding the state-led economy issue.

     

Relatively Permanent Pigmented or Vascular Skin Marks for Identification: A Pilot Reliability Study

In child sexual exploitation offenses, the collected evidence images often show the skin of nonfacial body parts of the criminals and victims. For identification in this scenario, “relatively permanent pigmented or vascular skin marks,” abbreviated as RPPVSM, were recently introduced as the basis for a novel biometric trait. This pilot study evaluated the interexaminer variability of RPPVSM identification. Four dermatology physicians were recruited to examine RPPVSM from 75 skin images collected from a total of 51 Caucasian and Asian subjects. The images were separated into 50 reference (“suspect”) images and 25 evaluation (“evidence”) images. The examiners were asked to perform identification by annotating RPPVSM in each of the 25 evaluation images and matching them with the reference images. The rate of misidentification was 0% while the mean rate at which examiners failed to find a match was 6%, indicating the potential of dermatology physicians performing the role of RPPVSM examiners.     

创建“平安医院”的几点思考

创建“平安医院”是实现社会和谐稳定的基本保证。医院通过开展各项工作,营造团结协调、平等友爱的医疗环境,维护规范有序、安全稳定的医疗秩序,构筑医院安全防控体系,大力创建“平安医院”。医院保卫部门应当坚持教育与管理、治理与建设相结合的原则,全面推进安全防控体系建设,切实维护医院治安安全,保证医院的稳步发展,推动和谐社会的构建。     

监狱企业强化内部控制审计之思考

内部控制是实现监狱企业发展目标、规避风险、规范管理的重要手段。要建立健全监狱企业内部控制审计制度并使之有效和规范,内部审计必须对内部控制进行独立的评价,同时也须对监狱企业经济活动的真实性、正确性、有效性做出全面监督和客观评估。     

对院校课堂教学创新的几点思考

创新教学理念就是要确立素质教育、创新教育和启发式教学的指导思想,树立新型的以人为本的育人理念,即要满足学员第一任职需要,又能为岗位转换打下坚实基础。最大限度地激活学员的创新潜能,让学员展示创造性才华。科学地运用不同的手段,从继承性学习走向创新性学习。     

浅析公安边防部队反恐怖人力资源建设

公安边防部队是一支代表国家和人民在边境地区,以武装的形式依法打击各类违法犯罪活动,维护边境地区稳定与安全的部队。近一时期,国际恐怖组织经过数十年的发展演变,呈现组织严密、技术先进、目标泛化等诸多新特征,已严重危害我国边境地区的安全与稳定。因此,现阶段反恐作战已成为边防部队主要的作战任务,反恐怖人力资源也成为边防部队的客观需求。所以探析公安边防部队反恐怖人力资源建设对边防部队遂行反恐怖作战任务具有重要意义。     

高校网络公共突发事件管理浅析

本文以"网络"为视角,对高校网络公共突发事件进行了前瞻性的研究.通过对高校网络公共突发事件管理的社会背景分析,在借鉴国内外专家学者对事件分类的基础上总结共性,进而归纳出我国高校网络公共突发事件的内涵、类型以及特性.     

A generalization of the obligation to prevent: From genocide convention to racial discrimination convention

The decision of the International Court of Justice in the case concerning the application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (“Genocide Convention”) highlights states’ obligations under the Convention, especially the obligation to prevent. When it comes to the case concerning the International Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (“Racial Discrimination Convention”), the decision of the Court indicating provisional measures seemingly purported to generalize its jurisprudence in the Genocide Case. By elaborating this kind of new jurisprudence, the Court echoed to the responsibility to protect, as well as to Article 48 and Article 54 of the Draft Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (“Draft Articles of State Responsibility”). It appears that each State Party should have an obligation to intervene in the coming genocide incidence, perhaps as well as in the coming racial discrimination cases. Nevertheless it is unclear in what manner a state could implement it effectively.     

东北抗日联军的文化工作--纪念抗战胜利六十周年系列文章之十

东北抗日联军的文化工作是东北抗日联军在抗日斗争中提高部队文化水平,活跃部队生活,增强战斗力的重要活动措施。东北抗日联军在极其艰苦的斗争中十分重视文化工作,这对团结教育抗联部队,团结教育人民群众起了巨大作用。抗联的文化工作是抗联英勇斗争的闪光篇章。创办革命报刊创办革命报刊是各地党组织和军队领导人十分重视的一项工作。在南满游击区,曾先后编辑出版了《东边道反日报》、《东边道反日画报》、《人民革命军报》、《列宁旗》、《青年义勇军》、《救国青年》、《东北公众义勇画报》等多种报刊。这些报刊的内容很丰富,有党的文件…