社会主义财政和财政法

<正> 在社会主义社会,财政和财政法的相互关系和相互作用在本质上具有新的意义。马克思强调指出:"人们按照自己物质生产的发展建立相应的社会关系,正是这些人又按照自己的社会关系创造了相应的原理、观念和范畴"。因此,必须从理论上和方法学上研究财政和财政法对发展生产、生产集约化、提高工作效率和改进工作质量所起作用的复杂过程。在解决这些迫切的任务时,苏维埃社会主义法及其各部门法,其中包括财政法,都起着     

加强劳动纪律的法律手段

<正> 在生产中加强劳动纪律和稳定干部的问题,始终是共产党和苏联政府一贯注意的中心。列宁在1918年写道:"必须把我们已经夺得的东西,把我们颁布过的法令,确定了的法规,讨论过的问题,拟订了的计划草案固定下来——必须把这些东西固定为不可动摇的日常劳动纪律。这是一个最困难而又最容易收效的任务,因为只有解决这个任务,我们才能树立起社会主义的秩序"。在加强自觉的劳动纪律中,劳动法令起了很大的作用。它巩固了人们对于遵守劳动纪律     

关于恩格斯法学观点的几个问题——纪念恩格斯诞生一百六十周年

<正> 恩格斯是马克思的亲密战友、杰出的革命家、伟大的思想家和卓越的学者。他毕生从事革命改造社会的斗争事业。他对辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的规律和范畴的论证,有着巨大的功绩。他"第一个说明了无产阶级不只是一个受苦的阶级……,无产阶级的     

The emergence of maternal-fetal conflict policies

George Washington University Medical Center's Policy on decisionmaking by pregnant patients is being widely circulated by the ACLU; copies of the Policy can be obtained by calling the American Civil Liberties Union Reproductive Freedom Project. There is, of course, much disagreement over the details of the Policy; not everyone will agree with its underlying philosophy favoring maternal rights. Nevertheless, there does seem to be a consensus that wherever possible these conflicts should be resolved in accordance with previously adopted policies rather than by the courts on an ad hoc basis. Had the Policy been in place in 1987, the Carder case would probably not have been submitted to a judge in the first place, nor would Angela Carder have been forced to undergo a Caesarean section. All hospitals should consider adopting a maternal-fetal conflict policy, and those that do so should be aware of the George Washington University Medical Center Policy, whether or not they agree with its provisions. Whatever policy each hospital ultimately develops should be integrated with decisionmaking and informed consent policies already in place. The formulation and implementation of such a policy, reflecting the hospital's legal and ethical obligations to its pregnant patients, will go a long way towards preventing unnecessary resort to the courts.     

Last rights. In sickness and in health, more people are taking life's biggest decision away from doctors and into their own hands

When dying is all that awaits them, more and more people are choosing certain death now rather than uncertain life on medical support systems. But the decision seldom comes easy, as a Newsweek reporter discovers during three weeks with the doctors, nurses, patients and families in an intensive-care ward. A best-selling guide to suicide fires debate over when it is right to let life go--and who should make that choice when the patient no longer can.     

Money madness. Are private psychiatric hospitals resorting to kidnapping in their quest for paying patients?

In their zeal for lucrative insurance reimbursement, some private psychiatric hospitals seem to have gone over the edge themselves. A number of these institutions, critics charge, use outright coercion to commit and retain patients. Now some formerly abducted "recruits" are fighting back with lawsuits.     

被告人心理状态与审讯策略

<正> 以前研究审讯策略问题时,主要注意力大多放在被告人的气质、性格、感觉、知觉、记忆、思维、想像等心理现象方面。最近,许多学者已着手研究被告人心理状态在审讯中的作用以及如何利用的问题。他们达样做是有根据的。例如,达维多夫指出:"人的哪些心理应用哪些方法来影响,应有一个明确的概念",他认为心理状态是心理现象中的一个独立状态。在瓦西里耶夫、多斯普洛夫、杜洛夫、格拉兹林、拉季诺夫、罗什、茨维特科夫等人的著作中,对被告人