未来战争对传统战争观念的挑战

传统的战争观念要随着战争形态的变化而改变。未来战争对传统战争观念将提出四个方面的挑战：“近战制胜观”受到“远战制胜论”的挑战；传统的夜战优势，受到高技术夜视装备器材优势的挑战；传统的以歼灭敌人有生力量为主的思想，受到以歼灭敌人的装备系统为主的思想的挑战；传统的“战争是流血的政治”，受到“战争也可能是不流血的政治”的挑战     

The Penalisation of Poverty and the rise of Neo-Liberalism

This article explicates and extends the analyses put forth by the author in his book, Prisons of Poverty, which argues that the generalised increase of carceral populations in advanced societies is due to the growing use of the penal system as an instrument for managing social insecurity and containing the social disorders created at the bottom of the class structure by neo-liberal policies of economic deregulation and social-welfare retrenchment. It retraces the steps whereby this neo-liberal penality was elaborated in the United States and then diffused throughout the world, but contends that European countries are not blindly following the American road to mass imprisonment: Europe's path to the penal state entails the conjoint intensification of both social and penal treatments of poverty and the activation of the policing functions of welfare services leading to a form of social panoptism. Only the building of a Europe-wide social state can check the spread of the penalisation of poverty and its deleterious social consequences.     

中国20世纪二三十年代审美主义思潮论

"审美主义"是一种以审美活动取代其它生命活动的价值取向,"生命艺术化"是其思想核心,它要藉审美之途来安顿此岸的生存.从这种新的视角出发,审视中国美学20世纪二三十年代的断代史,立足于中西文化-美学比较角度,考察审美主义在中国的系统化形成,探寻审美主义在中国的接受机制、建构特质和发展理路,将会对理解整个20世纪中国美学有特殊的启示意义.     

The Fates of Challengers in U.S. House Elections: The Role of Extended Party Networks in Supporting Candidates and Shaping Electoral Outcomes

Extended party network (EPN) theory characterizes political parties in the United States as dynamic networks of interest groups that collaboratively support favored candidates for office. Electoral predictions derived from EPN theory have yet to be tested on a large sample of races. We operationalize EPNs in the context of organized interest contributions to U.S. House campaigns. We deduce that support by a partisan community of interests signals the ideological credibility and appeal of a candidate. EPN integration overcomes voter ambiguity surrounding challengers’ ideological preferences, and resources provided by these coordinating interest groups promote a consistent message about the candidate. Using data from the 1994–2010 cycles, we apply network analysis to detect EPN support of challengers and find that EPN integration substantially improves the electoral prospects of challengers. The effect of EPN integration is distinct from that of campaign resources. The findings provide support for EPN theory, as applied to congressional elections.     

The Organization of Space and the Character of the Urban Experience

The growth and spread of the city in the United States had revolutionaryconsequences for the everyday lives of Americans. Spatial arrangementschanged dramatically. In the process, not only was the organizationof the community altered in both scope and variety, but individualliberty was enhanced by increasing individual self-awarenessand choice. This article details the spatial changes to communityand domestic design that resulted from the American urban revolution.After these changes are outlined, a formal model of choice isdeveloped. The consequences for choice of various local densityand segregation patterns are discussed as well.