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121.
María del P. Pablo‐Romero Antonio Sánchez‐Braza José Manuel González‐Limón 《政策研究评论》2015,32(5):576-599
The Covenant of Mayors (CM) is the mainstream European movement involving local authorities who voluntarily commit to increase energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy sources within their territories with the aim of reducing CO2 emissions and meet the European Union objectives by 2020. One country that has a greater number of signatories of this agreement is Spain. This article analyzes which factors influence the decision of Spanish local authorities to join the ever‐growing movement. An empirical model is formulated to describe the behavior of Spanish local governments, this being a binary choice model which is a function of various political, economic, and technical factors. Among the prominent factors that influence this decision are population, availability of renewable energy, fiscal and environmental stress, citizens’ political preference, the contagion effect of neighboring municipalities, the existence of covenant coordinators, and finally, economic motivations. 相似文献
122.
This report assesses conditions that contribute to or are potentially hospitable to transnational criminal activity and terrorist
activity in selected regions of the world during the period 1999–2002. Although the focus of the report is on transnational
activity, domestic criminal activity is recognized as a key foundation for transnational crime, especially as the forces of
globalization intensify.
The report has been arranged geographically into the following major headings: Africa, the former Soviet Union and Eastern
Europe, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Western Europe, and the Western Hemisphere. Within the geographical headings, the report
addresses individual countries with particularly salient conditions. Cases such as the Triborder Area (TBA) of South America
and East and West Africa, where conditions largely overlap national borders, have been treated as regions rather than by imposing
an artificial delineation by country. The bibliography has been divided into the same geographical headings as the text.
The major sources for this report are recent periodical reports from Western and regional sources, Internet sites offering
credible recent information, selected recent monographs, and personal communications with regional experts. Treatment of individual
countries varies according to the extent and seriousness of conditions under study. Thus some countries in a region are not
discussed, and others are discussed only from the perspective of one or two pertinent activities or conditions. Because they
border the United States, Canada and Mexico have received especially extensive treatment. 相似文献
123.
Ernesto Garzón Valdés 《Ratio juris》1997,10(2):127-138
The paper contains a conceptual analysis of "act of toleration" and the property of "being tolerant". Being tolerant is understood as a dispositional property of persons manifested in what the author calls the "circumstances of toleration". The main circumstances distinguished are: a tendency to prohibit a certain behaviour and the competence to determine the deontic status of the behaviour in question. An act of toleration, then, consists in not prohibiting (or cancelling the prohibition of) that behaviour. It is argued that this requires the existence of two different normative systems, the "basic system", and the "justifying system". Acts of toleration must be based on reasons coming from the latter. This insight enables one to establish a difference between reasonable and unreasonable toleration, as well as between toleration and related concepts like indifference, acquiescence, etc. The analysis also introduces the distinction between "vertical" and "horizontal" toleration. Acceptance of this last category implies that toleration does not necessarily require hierarchical relationships between those who tolerate and those whose actions are tolerated. 相似文献
124.
This article examines the conditions under which firms in different economies were able to emerge as significant actors in
the global computer industry during different time periods. To achieve this, the article divides into three periods the history
of the industry in terms of the three major policy regimes that have supported the dominant firms and regions. It argues that
these policy regimes can be thought of as state developmentalisms that take significantly different forms across the history
of the industry. U.S. firms’ dominance over their European counterparts in the 1950s and 1960s was underpinned by a system
of “military developmentalism” where military agencies funded research, provided a market and developed infrastructure, but
also demanded high quality products. The “Asian Tigers”—Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, and South Korea—in the 1970s and 1980s
were able to eclipse their Latin American and Indian rivals due in large part to the significant advantages offered by a highly
effective system of “bureaucratic developmentalism,” where bureaucratic elites in key state agencies and leading business
groups negotiated supports for export performance. The 1990s saw the emergence of a system of “network developmentalism” where
countries such as Ireland and Israel were able to emerge as new nodes in the computer industry by careful economic and political
negotiation of relations to the United States, reestablished at the center of the industry, and by more decentralized forms
of provision of state support for high-tech development. Finally, the conditions under which new regimes can emerge are a
consequence of the unanticipated global consequences of previous regimes. While state developmentalisms have been shaped by
existing global regimes, they have promoted further and different rounds of industry globalization.
Seán ó Riain is professor of sociology at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth. His research has been primarily on
the political economy of high-tech growth in Ireland and elsewhere, and on work and class politics among software developers.
He is the author ofThe Politics of High Tech Growth: Developmental Network, States in the Global Economy (Cambridge, 2004). 相似文献
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128.
Abstract: Recent case-law of the Court of Justice on general interest exceptions to the free provision of services has indicated a flexible approach to general interest exceptions involving moral or ethical issues. In contrast, where the general interest exception is relied on in a case which demonstrates predominantly economic issues, it is subject to strict scrutiny, in particular, with reference to the principle of proportionality. The article analyses the Court's case-law and tries to deduce the criteria which now govern the Court's position. It also highlights difficulties which this two-tier approach may excite. The position of the Court of Justice reflects the lack of homogeneous European ethical and moral standards, but it also underlines the predominantly economic character of European integration to date. It is submitted, nevertheless, that divorcing the economic criteria for integration from general ethical considerations will prove an extremely difficult, if not fruitless, task. 相似文献
129.
Dóra Győrffy 《欧亚研究》2006,58(2):239-259
The favourable assessments of international organisations regarding the character of democracy in the Central European countries seem to suggest that, in spite of early fears, democracy can be established even in a low-trust environment. Through analysing the difficulties of fiscal adjustments in Hungary this article examines how lack of trust affects the quality of these democracies in terms of effective governance. Hungary used to be a front-runner in the transition process but given its ballooning budget deficit, it is now considered a laggard in terms of meeting the requirements for introducing the euro. This article claims that while strong continuities from the socialist period gave the country a head start at the beginning of the transition process, the same continuities have slowed down development more recently because of their effects on the general level of trust. The prevalence of distrust both towards and within the elite provides a fertile environment for economic populism and under such circumstances fiscal adjustment becomes more difficult. The main conclusion is that while the low level of trust did not prove decisive in terms of establishing the institutions of democracy, the existence of trust is critical for effective governance. 相似文献
130.
The family is one of the major socialization agencies for children. Parents are one of the most important models from whom the child and adolescent acquire a wide variety of behavior patterns, attitudes, values, and norms. The aim of this study was to determine the importance of factors related to family conflicts in the genesis of social maladjustment. A total of 189 young people (110 boys and 79 girls) from training schools connected with the juvenile court in Murcia (Spain) were studied. The subjects' ages ranged from 11 to 18 years (mean 13.51, SD 0.16). Our sample comprised a group of minors who experienced a high incidence of intrafamilial pathology, which was found to be a significant discriminant factor. Aggressive behavior, rules, norms, values, opinions, and attitudes toward aggressivity can be learned in the family setting. 相似文献