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831.
The Common Agricultural Policy is modelled as a club good providing the European Union (EU) farmer with financial benefits. We build an economic model which explains how much farmers in individual EU countries invest in rent-seeking activities in order to test for free-riding behaviour on lobbying costs. For our investigation we group the EU member countries by farm structure, and the type of benefit received. We explain the fees paid by farmers for lobbying by other countries’ fees, political variables, and country and regional agricultural characteristics. The model shows that some member countries free ride on others suggesting a form of policy path dependency. 相似文献
832.
Population: 103 unrelated male individuals from Cebu province, Central Visayas region of the Philippines. 相似文献
833.
France Gingras Caroline Paquet Martine Bazinet Dominic Granger Karine Marcoux-Legault Maria Fiorillo Diane Séguin Franziska Baltzer Claude Chamberland Christine Jolicoeur 《Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series》2009,2(1):138-140
Using a Filemaker-based database (DNA Pro-FILES, Synchrone Infosystème Inc.), we have conducted a large-scale study on 1000 sexual assault (SA) cases where a standardized kit was submitted to our laboratory alone or with other types of exhibits. We looked at the likelihood of obtaining good quality DNA evidence, allegedly from the assailant, according to a number of parameters.The overall proportion of SA cases with DNA evidence is nearly 50%. A little more than 30% of SA kits provided DNA evidence while for 16% of cases DNA evidence could be obtained only from other exhibits.The likelihood of obtaining DNA evidence is approximately 50% in teenager and adult SA cases, but much lower for children 10 years old or younger (15%). In children cases, profiles were found mostly on clothing or skin swabs.The likelihood of obtaining DNA evidence from vaginal swabs remains good for up to 3 days after the assault (from 35% on the first day to 23% on the third day). A DNA profile was obtained from approximately 22% of anal/rectal swabs and 41% of skin swabs taken less than 1 day after the assault. Less than 10% of oral washes provided DNA evidence, all having been collected within 24 h of the assault.We found that in bodily samples, a negative result for acid phosphate (AP) is a poor predictor of the likelihood of obtaining good quality DNA evidence. Approximately 15% of vaginal swabs and 8% of anal swabs negative for AP nevertheless provided good quality DNA evidence. 相似文献
834.
Myriam Guedj Maria Teresa Muñoz Sastre Etienne Mullet Paul Clay Sorum 《International journal of law and psychiatry》2009,32(2):108-114
Study questionWhen is it acceptable for a psychiatrist to break confidentiality to protect the wife of a potentially violent patient?Methods153 lay persons, 13 nursing personnel, 10 physicians, and 10 psychologists in France indicated this acceptability in 48 scenarios. The scenarios were all combinations of 5 factors: gravity of threat (death or beating), certainty of mental illness (certain or not), time spent talking with patient (considerable or little), his attitude toward psychotherapy (rejection, indecision, or acceptance), and whether the physician consulted an expert.ResultsLay people favored breaking confidentiality more than did nursing personnel or psychologists. Consulting an expert had greatest impact. Lay participants were composed of groups that found breaking confidentiality “always acceptable” (22 participants), “depending on many circumstances” (106), requiring “consultation with an expert” (31), and “never acceptable” (27).ConclusionLay people in France are influenced by situational factors when deciding if a psychiatrist should break confidentiality to protect a patient's wife. 相似文献
835.
Kevin?J.?Barrett Maria ?Haberfeld Michael?C.?Walker 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2009,52(2):159-179
This article examines the attitudes of sample populations of urban, suburban and rural police officers in New Jersey in regard
to a hypothetical use of force scenario. The aim of the study is to identify similarities and differences in the perceptions
of officers who are faced with the same type of hypothetical situations but who are exposed to different training, procedural
and environmental factors. Police officers in the United States receive different types of training in each state that might
influence their attitudes towards the use of force. A pilot study was conducted comparing two urban police departments from
two different states and showed some differences in the attitudes of the surveyed officers. To further explore these differences,
a more refined look at three police departments in one state (New Jersey) was conducted as part of a doctoral dissertation
of the lead author. Research questions are aimed at identifying the differences in the frameworks for the justification of
force based on a host of variables. The research questions stipulated that there will be some significant differences in attitudes
towards the use of force by the officers, based on physical location of the communities they police. The findings of the study
identified additional factors that might influence the officers’ attitudes. Twelve focus groups, four at each of the sites,
were analyzed and it appears that there may be a geographic and demographic influence on how the officers respond to the scenario. 相似文献
836.
Kendall J Pelucio MT Casaletto J Thompson KP Barnes S Pettit E Aldrich M 《Journal of interpersonal violence》2009,24(2):280-306
The objective of the study is to assess the impact of emergency department (ED) intimate partner violence (IPV) counseling and resource referrals on patient-perceived safety and safety planning. ED patients with risk factors were offered consultation with trained IPV advocacy counselors who completed safety assessments, provided resource referrals, and helped patients develop safety plans. Patients were contacted after ED intervention to assess progress and further assist in IPV counseling. Over 96% of patients perceived an increase in their safety after the intervention, and approximately 50% had completed a portion of their safety plan. Legal assistance and/or law enforcement were considered the most beneficial resource referrals. Although follow-up was limited, this study appears to demonstrate that an ED IPV intervention program may be useful in helping IPV victims achieve safer living environments and access local resources. 相似文献
837.
838.
Bradley K. Tom M.S. Mikko T. Koskinen Ph.D. Melody Dayton M.S. Anna‐Maria Mattila M.S. Eric Johnston M.S. Dennis Fantin Ph.D. Sue DeNise Ph.D. Theresa Spear M.S. David Glenn Smith Ph.D. Jessica Satkoski Ph.D. Bruce Budowle Ph.D. Sree Kanthaswamy Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2010,55(3):597-604
Abstract: Despite the popularity of dogs in US households, canine DNA evidence remains largely untapped in forensic investigations partially because of the absence of well‐defined forensic short tandem repeats (STRs), lack of standardized and validated PCR protocols, STR reagent kits, and poorly developed nomenclature. A nomenclature system was established based on internationally recognized recommendations for human forensic STRs for a recently developed canine STR reagent kit. Representative alleles were sequenced from each of the 18 STRs and the sex‐typing marker included in the kit. This study also reflects on the impact of point mutations, insertions, and deletions within and outside the STR core repeat structures. An understanding of the STRs’ sequence and repeat structures will enable development of a robust and reliable allele nomenclature and improve the accuracy and precision of allele fragment sizing in canine forensic profiling. The expected allele sizes have been calculated, and their repeat stuctures defined based on sequence information. 相似文献
839.
Abstract: To determine whether routine decalcification may reduce the amount of stainable iron that is visible on tissue sections, samples of liver and lung tissue with excessive iron stores were placed in three standard decalcifying solutions (i) formic acid [33%], formaldehyde [4%], and NaCl [0.85%]; (ii) formic acid [30%], formaldehyde [4%], and water; and (iii) nitric acid [5%] for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. After exposure to the decalcifying solutions, the tissues were stained with Perls stain. The slides were examined blind and the intensity of iron staining was scored semiquantitatively from 0 to 3+. The trend in all samples over the course of the experiment (96 h) was for reduction in the intensity of hemosiderin staining. As the amount of stainable hemosiderin in tissues may be significantly altered by decalcification, the absence of hemosiderin in tissues adjacent to a fracture site does not necessarily indicate that the injury was acute. 相似文献
840.
The White Paper suggests important reforms that will reduce the likelihood of false confessions resulting from police interrogation.
The research underlying these suggested reforms has yielded significant advances in our understanding of factors associated
with false confessions. As we move forward, we encourage the development of empirically based approaches that provide a viable
alternative to current practice. In doing so, we suggest that researchers pursue a positive psychological approach that involves
partnering with practitioners to systematically develop interrogative methods that are shown to be more diagnostic. By taking
such an approach, we believe that the recommendations offered in the current White Paper can be supplemented by methods that
carry the support of both scientific and law enforcement communities. 相似文献