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461.
Some important studies suggest that the organizational imperatives of donor agencies explain the tendency of foreign aid to
reinforce institutional centralization rather than to support the development of decentralized institutions in recipient countries.
This article shows that certain design features of two decentralized USAID projects completed in Peru during the 1980s facilitated
achieving donor objectives, decentralized institutional development, and national-level reforms favoring decentralization.
Analysis of this experience reveals that these design features reduced the costs and increased the benefits of decentralized
implementation for the donor, while allowing synergies between implementation and institution building to be exploited. Indeed,
in the context of Peru’s highly centralized, control-oriented public sector, bypass mechanisms traditionally used by donors
to expedite implementation and insulate projects from uncertainty also generally enhanced the development of decentralized
institutions. The lessons distilled in this case study have broad relevance since the sorts of administrative obstacles encountered
by USAID in Peru—excessive centralization, disbursement bottlenecks, and onerous bureaucratic controls—are all too frequently
found in other developing countries.
Gregory D. Schmidt is an associate professor of political science at Northern Illinois University and an associate ofSeguimiento, Análisis y Evaluación Para el Desarrollo (SASE), a Peruvian nongovernmental organization specializing in grassroots development. He is the author of a book and various
journal articles on development issues, and of a forthcoming book on the 1990 Peruvian presidential election. 相似文献
462.
M. Martinelli Jr. R. A. Schmidt Jr. Ronald D. Tabler 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》1982,6(2):27-37
The design and construction of a complex snow fence system, the development and implementation of a visual range monitoring system, and the development and use of a snow profile prediction model for highway design, are used as examples of successful technology transfer. Contributing factors include a strong imperative and commitment to solving an urgent problem; the availability of knowledge, the direct involvement of scientists and engineers working together throughout the planning, implementation, and evaluation stages; and a synergetic relationship between research and application. 相似文献
463.
464.
465.
The National Household Education Survey, a nationally representative data set (N=4,306 high school students and one parent of each), was analyzed to describe characteristics of adolescents, the nature of
their service activities, and academic, behavioral and civic outcomes associated with service (voluntary compared to school-required
and by type of service). Participation in any service is associated with positive outcomes whether service is voluntary or
required. Adolescents who worked directly with individuals in need had better academic adjustment; those who worked for organizations
had better civic outcomes than adolescents who performed other types of service. Findings are discussed in terms of their
significance for adolescent development, educational policy, and the use of large national data sets to examine service participation.
Assistant Professor of Educational Psychology at Northern Illinois University. She received her Ph.D. in Psychology: Human
Development from the University of Chicago. Her research interests include motivation, resilience, and positive youth development.
Professor at Northern Illinois University. She received her Ph.D. in Educational Psychology from the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Her research interests include family, community, and out-of-school influences on child and adolescent educational adjustment.
Received her M.S. Ed. in Educational Psychology from Northern Illinois University, where she is currently pursuing her doctoral
degree. Her current research interests involve the role of adolescents' family, community and school contexts in fostering
their social, moral, and educational development. 相似文献
466.
Mario G. Losano 《Ratio juris》2015,28(4):470-485
Kelsen's monistic theory of international law was shaped during his exile in Geneva (1933–1940), but its deep roots are to be found in his Pure Theory of Law, centred on the neo‐Kantian notion of “system.” According to this conception, a legal system can only descend from a single principle. Consequently, Kelsen constructed a monistic theory of law, i.e., a legal system incorporating all norms into a pyramidal structure culminating in a single principle: the fundamental norm. This Kelsenian pyramid must also include international law, considering that if international law were a legal system different from national law (as the dualistic theory assumes), the theoretical construction would need two fundamental norms. This dualism is as incompatible with Kelsen's monistic vision as Schmitt's theory of “Great Spaces,” creating a hierarchical system of international relations. In the Kelsenian pyramid, international law occupies a position superior to national law: The consequences of this assumption are discussed in some documents recently published in German and French. 相似文献
467.
Valentina Bugelli M.D. David Forni M.D. Luciani Alessandro Bassi M.D. Marco Di Paolo M.D. Damiano Marra M.D. Scilla Lenzi M.D. Chiara Toni M.D. Ph.D. Mario Giusiani M.D. Ranieri Domenici M.D. Mirella Gherardi M.D. Stefano Vanin Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2015,60(2):525-531
Eight cases that occurred indoors in which the insects played an important role in the mPMI estimation are presented. The bodies of socially isolated people and old people living alone were discovered in central Italy between June and November. mPMI ranged from a few days to several weeks. Insects were collected during the body recovery and the postmortem. Climatic data were obtained from the closest meteorological stations and from measurements performed on the site. Sarcophagidae and Calliphoridae species were present in 75% of the cases with Lucilia sericata and Chrysomya albiceps collected in 50% of the cases. Chrysomya albiceps was always found in association with Lucilia species. Scuttle flies (Phoridae) were found in 37.5% of the cases, confirming the ability of these species in indoor body colonization. We show that if sealed environment may delay, the insect arrival dirty houses may create the environment where sarcosaprophagous insects are already present. 相似文献
468.
Gabriele Margiotta M.D. Luigi Carlini M.D. Eugenia Carnevali B.S. Massimo Lancia M.D. Mario Gabbrielli M.D. Mauro Bacci M.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2015,60(6):1640-1643
Lipomas are common benign tumors most frequently found within the subcutaneous areas of the body. Deep-seated lipomas are rare and tend to be larger than cutaneous ones. Lipomas are rarely seen in the thoracic cavity, and they are usually located in the mediastinum, bronchiole, and lungs. Diaphragmatic lipomas have been occasionally reported in the literature, the first being described by Clark et al. in 1886. The authors report two rare cases of giant diaphragmatic lipoma incidentally found during forensic autopsies. In the first case, a Caucasian 85-year-old woman burned to death with another passenger, after her methane-fueled car collided with another car on a highway near Terni, Umbria, Italy. In the second case, a Caucasian 45-year-old man collapsed while walking through the countryside of Perugia. In either case, a large mass in the thorax was observed. The definitive pathologic diagnosis was giant intrathoracic diaphragmatic lipoma without evidence of malignancy. The authors also review the relevant literature and discuss differential diagnoses. These case reports contribute to the establishment of the actual incidence of diaphragmatic lipomas. 相似文献
469.
A strategic challenge facing all governments today is how to deliver services effectively and efficiently. At one time, they thought that they could meet this challenge by exploiting technology and going the E-government route with the promise of single-window, integrated, intelligent service delivery. Very quickly, however, they had to accept the fact that they would have to overcome a multitude of obstacles and that individual and corporate clients often preferred to receive service in traditional ways. As a result, the delivery of public services is becoming increasingly multichannel: over the counter, by mail and telephone, over the Internet, via text and television, etc. There is therefore a need to identify some kind of model for managing this highly complex new phenomenon effectively and efficiently. By conducting research in the field with the help of case studies and international benchmarking, it was possible to identify the main variables in the degree of effectiveness and efficiency of multichannel public service delivery and develop the outline of a model representing the underlying factors. 相似文献
470.
Vivien A. Schmidt 《West European politics》2013,36(1-2):302-320
Much has changed in European political economy over the past 30 years, both in terms of the political economic realities and the scholarly explanations of those realities. National economic policies and policymaking have undergone major transformations, largely in response to the pressures of globalisation and Europeanisation. Such transformations have entailed significant alterations in the role of the state, the importance of business, and the power of labour. In light of these changes in the political economic realities, political economists have shifted their focus over time, first taking labour out of the equation, then bringing the state back in only to devalue it in light of globalisation and Europeanisation before putting the firm front and centre. Only recently has the state been brought back in yet again while labour has made a comeback. 相似文献