Fear is a Disease: The Impact of Fear and Exposure to Infectious Disease on Correctional Officer Job Stress and Satisfaction

This study examined individual and work-level factors that impact job stress and satisfaction for correctional officers. Existing research has explored officer job stress and satisfaction, but very few studies have focused specifically on fear of contracting an infectious disease while at work (HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, and tuberculosis), and the impact fear of and exposure to infectious disease have on correctional officer job stress and satisfaction. Random sample data were collected from 2,999 male and female officers from across the state of Texas to assess job stress, satisfaction, personal safety, and exposure to infectious disease. Ordinary Least Squares analyses indicated that fear of disease was positively correlated with job stress, and inversely correlated with job satisfaction. Exposure to disease however, failed to yield any significant effects on job stress or satisfaction. Officers who felt that their supervisors were supportive of them on the job reported less stress and higher satisfaction levels, while perceived dangerousness of the job was positively correlated with job stress. These findings highlight the importance of supervisory support as well as continuous, in-depth education and training on infectious diseases for officers.     

Survival strategies of widows and their families in early modern Holland,c. 1580–1750

This article analyses the impact of widowhood upon women in early modern urban society in Holland. Widows were able to maintain their households and to minimize the discontinuity with their lives when married. A remarkably egalitarian inheritance and marital property law, access to a broad range of occupations, a privileged status, an extended poor relief system, institutionalised mutual assistance and new forms of financial provisions for widows enabled widows to survive after the loss of an adult male breadwinner. However, legal rights, social provisions and economic opportunities available to women in the Dutch Golden Age and thereafter, could not prevent social polarization after women lost their spouse.     

Managing a large household. The gender division of work in orphanages in Dutch towns in the early modern period, 1580–1800

Early modern social institutions were modelled analogous to the family, and work within these institutions strongly depended upon the co-operation of women and men. This type of organization seems to be contradictory to processes of professionalization and bureaucratization. This article investigates to what extent professionalization and bureaucratization took place in early modern orphanages and how this influenced the gender division of work. By analyzing various occupations, remuneration and access to work in three Dutch orphanages it becomes clear that the frequently mentioned characteristics that made ‘typical’ women's work combinable with women's reproductive tasks, were not all applicable and cannot wholly explain female access to these occupations. Work was characterized by an increasing differentiation, hierarchy and, to a certain extent, bureaucratization tendencies. At the same time, the gender division sharpened. However, the late eighteenth century ideology of women as nurturers and the strong analogy to the role women were supposed to play within the household prevented exclusion from this domain.     

Secular Trend in the Development of Permanent Teeth in a Population of Istria and the Littoral Region of Croatia

The study evaluated secular trends in dental development during a period of 30 years, correlation between dental and chronological age in Istria and the littoral region of Croatia. The sample consisted of 1000 panoramic radiographs of children, aged 6–16 years (mean 10.0 ± 1.8), taken in the period 1977–1979 (N = 500; 243 females) and 2007–2009 (N = 500; 299 females). Dental age was assessed according to Demirjian's method. Correlation between chronological and dental age was linear, positive, high, and statistically significant in both periods and genders, ranging from 0.73 to 0.86. Dental age was underestimated when compared to chronological age by 1 year on average, more 30 years ago (?1.35 ± 1.17) than today (?0.63 ± 1.09), less for girls (?0.80 ± 1.22) than boys (?1.21 ± 1.10). A statistically significant positive secular trend in acceleration of dental development was present of 0.72 years during the 30‐year period and was more significant in girls than boys (0.83‐ and 0.51‐year acceleration).     

Cooperation vs competitiveness in current international economic policymaking

Contemporary Greece and Europe / edited by Achilleas Mitsos and Elias Mossialos. ‐ Aldershot: Ashgate, c2000. ‐ x, 482 p. ‐ ISBN 1–84014–728–8

Diritti umani e sicurezza regionale : il sistema europeo / Angela Di Stasi. ‐ Napoli: Editoriale Scientifica, c2000. ‐ XII, 291 p. ‐ (Collana di studi e documenti di diritto internazionale e comunitario ; 24). ‐ ISBN 88–87293–70–8

The EU Charter of fundamental rights : text and commentaries / edited by Kim Feus. ‐ London : Federal Trust, c2000. ‐ 268 p. ‐ (Constitution for Europe ; 1). ‐ISBN 1–903403–04–9

Human rights in Europe : a study of the European convention on human rights / J.G. Merrills, A.H. Robertson. ‐ 4.ed. ‐ New York : Juris Publishing ; Manchester : Manchester University Press, c2001. ‐ xxii, 362 p. ‐ (Melland Schill studies in international law). ‐ ISBN 1–929446–09–8. ‐ ISBN 0–7190–5837–6

Rewriting rights in Europe / edited by Linda Hancock, Carolyn O'Brien. ‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c2000. ‐ xviii, 221 p. ‐ ISBN 0–7546–2002–6

Britain in the European Union today / Colin Pilkington. ‐ 2.ed. ‐ Manchester: Manchester University Press, c2001. ‐ xvi, 234 p. ‐ (Politics today). ‐ ISBN 0.7190–5791–4

The rules of integration: institutionalist approaches to the study of Europe / edited by Gerald Schneider and Mark Aspinwall. ‐ Manchester : Manchester University Press, c2001. ‐ xii, 217 p.‐ (European Policy Research Unit Series). ‐ ISBN 0–7190–5799‐X

The European Union‐Maghrebian dialogue : echoes of disappointments past / William H. Lewis. ‐ Washington : CSIS, 2001. ‐ viii, 63 p. ‐ (CSIS Report). ‐ ISBN 0–89206–385–8

Germany and European order: enlarging NATO and the EU / Adrian Hyde‐Price. ‐Manchester: Manchester University Press, c2000. ‐ xviii, 270 p. ‐ (Issues in German politics). ‐ ISBN 0–7190–5428–1

Global political economy : understanding the international economic order / Robert Gilpin with the assistance of Jean M. Gilpin. ‐ Princeton : Princeton University Press, c2001. ‐ xii, 423 p. ‐ ISBN 0–691–08676–1

Hang separately : cooperative security between the United States and Russia, 1985–1994 / by Leon V. Sigal. ‐ New York : The Century Foundation Press, 2000. ‐xii, 397 p. ‐ ISBN 0–87078–450–1

The international relations of the Middle East in the 21st century: patterns of continuity and change / edited by Tareq Y. Ismael. ‐ Aldershot: Ashgate, c2000. ‐ xviii, 400 p. ‐ ISBN 0–7546–1506–5

The new millennium: challenges and strategies for a globalizing world / edited by Sai Felicia Krishna‐Hensel. ‐ Aldershot: Ashgate, c2000. ‐ xiv, 329 p. ‐ (Global interdisciplinary studies series). ‐ ISBN 0–7546–1391–7     

Globalisation after seattle

The evolution of India--US relations in the last two decades has been remarkable, and the two countries are closer now than they have ever been. On the one hand, the rapid expansion of India's Western-influenced middle class has pushed the country to align with many American positions; on the other hand, the US too has recognised India's growing importance in a post-9/11 world. The principal driver of this relationship is a growing convergence of economic and strategic interests, with the existence of a large and successful Indian diaspora in the US acting as a further valuable bridge. American military aid to Pakistan remains an unsettling factor in this relationship, but both sides are learning to manage their differences without abandoning their core concerns or creating a crisis. Short of an unexpected shock to the system, India--US relations will continue to improve steadily in the future and become one of the most exciting partnerships in the 21st century.     

Notes and topics

The European Union's difficulty in functioning is to a large degree a result of its decision-making mechanisms, which expose any measure to a veto by a scant minority or even a single state. A flexible model of Europe, one of differentiated integration, attempts to overcome this deadlock. The flexible model is based on the simple and reasonable idea that a member state which dissents is not obliged to associate itself with a certain initiative, but cannot stop the others from carrying it out. Under certain “virtuous” conditions, flexibility would not involve the risk of breaking up the Union. On the contrary, it would offer dynamic instrument for reconciling the requirements of unity and diversity and promoting the process of European integration.