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121.
A Re-examination of the Effects of Biased Lineup Instructions in Eyewitness Identification 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Clark SE 《Law and human behavior》2005,29(5):575-604
A meta-analytic review of research comparing biased and unbiased instructions in eyewitness identification experiments showed
an asymmetry; specifically, that biased instructions led to a large and consistent decrease in accuracy in target-absent lineups,
but produced inconsistent results for target-present lineups, with an average effect size near zero (Steblay, 1997). The results
for target-present lineups are surprising, and are inconsistent with statistical decision theories (i.e., Green & Swets, 1966).
A re-examination of the relevant studies and the meta-analysis of those studies shows clear evidence that correct identification
rates do increase with biased lineup instructions, and that biased witnesses make correct identifications at a rate considerably
above chance. Implications for theory, as well as police procedure and policy, are discussed. 相似文献
122.
Four reality monitoring variables were used to discriminate suspect from foil identifications in 183 actual criminal cases. Four hundred sixty-one identification attempts based on five and six-person lineups were analyzed. These identification attempts resulted in 238 suspect identifications and 68 foil identifications. Confidence, automatic processing, eliminative processing and feature use comprised the set of reality monitoring variables. Thirty-five verbal confidence phrases taken from police reports were assigned numerical values on a 10-point confidence scale. Automatic processing identifications were those that occurred “immediately” or “without hesitation.” Eliminative processing identifications occurred when witnesses compared or eliminated persons in the lineups. Confidence, automatic processing and eliminative processing were significant predictors, but feature use was not. Confidence was the most effective discriminator. In cases that involved substantial evidence extrinsic to the identification 43% of the suspect identifications were made with high confidence, whereas only 10% of the foil identifications were made with high confidence. The results of a laboratory study using the same predictors generally paralleled the archival results. Forensic implications are discussed. 相似文献
123.
124.
Three- to nine-year-old children were interviewed about a medical emergency (injury requiring hospital ER treatment) two years
after it occurred. Half of the number of children had been interviewed shortly after injury as well as 6 and 12 months later,
while the remaining children had had only one prior interview a year after injury. There was remarkably little long-term deterioration
in memory by both groups. Having a delayed initial interview had two effects, and both were relevant only to the harder-to-remember
hospital treatment event: (a) The late-interview group was less accurate, and (b) early-interview children had more extensive
free recall, suggesting that multiple prior interviews teach children the “rules of the memory game' when they are asked
open-ended questions. Forensic implications are discussed. 相似文献
125.
Mardin, is a city in the southeastern part of Turkey where people from different cultures and religions have been living together peacefully for centuries. The province hosted many valuable historical constructions representing different civilizations. Kasimiye Medresse, one of the most important educational centers of its times, has a sacred value for people in Mardin. The reason is that the stain on the wall of Kasimiye Medresse is considered to be Sultan Kasim's blood. Our study aims to analyze if the stain in question is blood. Serological tests are performed by using "Kastle-Meyer" and "Luminol" reactives on the scrapped samples taken from stained and unstained parts of the wall. At the end of the analysis, the stain is turned out to be a dye made of herbal roots ending the rumour of centuries. 相似文献
126.
Renita?R.?Glaser M.?Lee?Van.?Horn Michael?W.?ArthurEmail author J.?David.?Hawkins Richard?F.?Catalano 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2005,21(1):73-102
Prevention science has produced information about risk and protective factors that predict adolescent drug use and related problem behaviors. This paper investigates the Communities That Care Youth Survey that measures multiple risk and protective factors. Using a sample of 172,628 students who participated in surveys administered in seven states in 1998, analyses were conducted to test the factor structure of these risk and protective factors and to test the equivalence of the factor models across five racial/ethnic groups (African Americans, Asians or Pacific Islanders, Caucasians, Hispanic Americans, and Native Americans), four grade levels (6th, 8th, 10th, and 12th) and both gender groups. Results support the construct validity of the surveys risk and protective factor scales and indicate that the measures are equally reliable across males and females and five racial/ethnic groups. Implications of these findings for science-based prevention planning are discussed. 相似文献
127.
128.
This study addresses the as yet unaddressed question of the nature of the effects of religiosity and authoritarianism upon endorsement of abstract democratic values. Findings obtained through the analyses of structural equations show that, despite the unsettled political and security atmosphere, Israelis believe in democratic values to a considerable extent. Furthermore, findings do not fully support the theoretical expectation that religiosity is likely to decrease support for democratic values; namely, in and of itself, religiosity has a negligible impact on endorsement of democratic values. Yet again, analyses lend credence to theory on authoritarianism—the negative effect of religiosity on endorsement of democratic values results from the mediation of authoritarianism. These findings are understood and discussed with regard to theoretical implications. The major conclusion, then, in contrast to existing assumptions regarding religiosity and negation of democracy linkage, is that religiosity cannot be considered the sole direct root cause of negation of democracy. 相似文献
129.
Donald?R.?LynamEmail author Joshua?D.?Miller 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2004,20(4):319-341
The importance of the relation between impulsivity and deviance is well-acknowledged among criminologists. However, differences in the representations of impulsivity, some merely titular and others substantive, may cloud our understanding of these relations. The current study examines the argument, offered by Whiteside and Lynam Pers. Individuals Diff. (2000) 30: 669–689, that there may be four distinct personality pathways through which impulsive behavior may be manifested. Across three samples (two undergraduate, one community), we examine the validity of a four-factor structure of impulsivity, test whether these four pathways manifest divergent relations with various forms of deviant behavior such as crime and substance use, as well as laboratory manifestations of aggressive and impulsive behavior, and examine the invariance of these results across gender. The results support the existence of a four-factor model of impulsivity, the importance of two specific personality pathways in relation to self-reports of deviance (lack of premeditation and sensation seeking), as well as actual behavior, and suggest that these pathways are important for both men and women. 相似文献
130.
Police officers are the only professionals mandated by society to use discretionary coercive physical force as a necessary
component of fulfilling their duty to maintain public safety and uphold the law. If community policing is to prevail as an
effective and credible style of law enforcement, the legitimate use of competent police authority will continue to be a vital
issue. This article analyzes the types of officer problems and problem officers that can harm community policing efforts.
These include (1) individual factors, such as attitudes, personality traits, and psychological disorders; (2) police-citizen
interaction factors, such as interpersonal dynamics and community attitudes; and (3) organizational factors, such as training
and supervision, departmental philosophy, and the “cop culture.” The article then offers practical strategies for improving
officer performance, including (1) selection and screening of officers; (2) training and supervision; (3) fitnessfor-duty
evaluations; (4) effective supervision and discipline; (5) coaching and counseling strategies; and (6) the most productive
use of psychological services. Throughout this discussion, the concept of the police officer as a law enforcement professional
is emphasized as essential for guiding public safety policy into the 21st century. 相似文献