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61.
Miriam E. Soto Martinez Ph.D. Jennifer C. Love Ph.D. Deborrah C. Pinto Ph.D. Jason M. Wiersema Ph.D. Sharon M. Derrick Ph.D. Angela Bachim M.D. Christopher Greeley M.D. Marcella Donaruma‐Kwoh M.D. Van Thi Thanh Truong M.S. Si Gao M.S. Christian M. Crowder Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2019,64(6):1622-1632
In 2012, the Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences began prospectively collecting injury data from pediatric autopsies. These data and associated case information from 635 pediatric cases are archived in the Infant Injury Database (IID). This paper introduces the IID to the forensic community and demonstrates its potential utility for child abuse and infant fatality investigations. The database is intended to be a source of evidence‐based research for coroners/medical examiners and clinicians in the recognition and diagnosis of child abuse. RR estimates were employed to quantify the relationship between individual autopsy findings to trauma‐related and nontrauma‐related causes of death. For example, unsurprisingly, the RR of trauma cases with multiple injury types is significantly greater than other causes of death, but the RR results provide a quantitative representation of the relationship. ROC curve modeling of the presence/absence of various injury types performed well at discriminating trauma from other causes of death (AUC = 0.96). 相似文献
62.
Stephan Klingebiel Victoria Gonsior Franziska Jakobs Miriam Nikitka 《Third world quarterly》2013,34(7):1340-1358
AbstractThe acknowledgement of politics and institutions in developing countries is well in line with debates not only in the area of development effectiveness but also regarding new public management. Results-Based Approaches (RBApps), conceptually framed within these two debates, are designed to support outcome- and impact-oriented development goals. They link the achievement of results to monetary and/or non-monetary reward mechanisms. However, so far, development cooperation partners have mainly applied RBApps in the form of Results-Based Finance and Results-Based Aid. Through the provision of a conceptual framework, this paper embeds RBApps between different tiers of government within the discussion and applies Rwanda as a case study to it. Along the lines of Rwanda’s Domestic Performance Approach Imihigo, the article argues that development co-operation should be more proactive in considering these approaches, as they might be crucial in terms of sustainability and serve as a promising entry point for programmes supported by development partners. 相似文献
63.
To what extent are European rules complied with, and what are the reasons for non-compliance with EU law? According to an intergovernmentalist perspective, implementation problems should occur when member states failed to assert their interests in the European decision-making process. Focusing on 26 infringement procedures from the area of labour law, we show that such ‘opposition through the backdoor’ does occur occasionally. However, we demonstrate that opposition at the end of the EU policy process may also arise without prior opposition at the beginning. Additionally, our findings indicate that non-compliance is often unrelated to opposition, and due to administrative shortcomings, interpretation problems, and issue linkage. This study is based on unique in-depth data stemming from a ground-level analysis of the implementation of six EU Directives in all 15 member states. 相似文献
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66.
Miriam Hartlapp 《West European politics》2014,37(4):805-824
Despite its central importance for the implementation of EU social policy, the issue of member state enforcement of European regulations has attracted little academic attention. This paper analyses changes in national enforcement systems and horizontal cooperation between them by comparing labour inspectorates in the EU-15 member states over time (2000 versus 2010). Starting from the assumption that, as administrations, enforcement systems are strongholds of national sovereignty, it is argued that member states’ interest in creating a level playing field and in enabling free movement in accordance with the ‘four freedoms’ should nevertheless bring about change. The results show insufficient enforcement capacity overall, but also that important changes have taken place regarding the coordination, steering and pressure capacity of national labour inspectorates, and also regarding cooperation amongst them. This points to the emergence of horizontal cooperation as a distinct feature of the European Administrative Space. 相似文献
67.
Miriam Gur-Arye 《Criminal Law and Philosophy》2012,6(2):187-205
The paper argues for attaching a significant role to the dignity of offenders as a limitation on the scope of substantive criminal law. Three different aspects of human dignity are discussed. Human dignity is closely connected with the principle of culpability.
Respecting the dignity of offenders requires that we assign criminal liability according to the actual attitudes of the offenders
towards the interests protected by the offence. The doctrine of natural and probable consequence of complicity, which allows
us to assign liability for mens rea offenses to a negligent offender, violates the dignity of the offender; it treats the incautious offender as if she had willfully expressed disrespect towards the protected interest. The human dignity core of privacy is invaded by criminalizing
the private possession of child pornography. By extending the prohibition of the creation, sale and distribution of child
pornography to the private possession of pornography, the State attempts to control the way the individual expresses an essential
part of the self—his sexual fantasies—within himself. Dignity demands that our actions convey an attitude of respect towards
human beings. The expressive meaning of disrespect is culture-dependent. The historical association with totalitarian regimes
explains our reluctance to impose a legal duty to report past crime: the individual who is legally required to turn a suspect
into the police is viewed as an “informant.” 相似文献
68.
Miriam Gur-Arye 《Criminal justice ethics》2018,37(2):141-163
In some instances, the criminal justice system is affected by a moral panic; that is, by an exaggerated social reaction to an assumed threat to moral values. When influenced by moral panic, courts demonize defendants and aggravate punishments. Are such responses legitimate? This article argues that by contrast to legitimate condemnation of criminal conduct, demonizing defendants ought never be legitimate. The legitimacy of aggravating punishment requires distinguishing between the sociological concept of legitimacy (“perceived legitimacy”) and the moral concept (“normative legitimacy”). Aggravation of punishment in response to moral panic might be perceived as legitimate since it expresses public perceptions about the severity of the threat to a social value, even when these perceptions are exaggerated; however, punishments that are proportionate to such a perceived, exaggerated, threat to a social value are unjust and unfair, and therefore are normatively illegitimate. When the panic subsides, courts tend to return to lower levels of punishment. The subsidence of the panic enables one to realize that a gap between perceived and normative legitimacy has been created during the panic. Should and can the gap be bridged retroactively in order to gain full legitimacy? One way to bridge the gap is to grant clemency that will reduce the punishment of defendants whose sentences were exaggerated unduly during the panic. The article proposes a more radical mechanism that allows for sentence re-evaluation in cases of moral panic. 相似文献
69.
Rich Gilman E. Scott Huebner Lili Tian Nansook Park Jenny O’Byrne Miriam Schiff Dina Sverko Heather Langknecht 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2008,37(2):142-154
Although numerous cross-national studies have assessed life satisfaction among adults, similar studies using adolescent samples
have been rare. To address this shortage of research, a total of 1338 youth adolescents from two individualistic nations (Ireland,
USA) and two collectivistic nations (China, South Korea) were administered the Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (MSLSS: Huebner, 1994) to assesses general life satisfaction and satisfaction with family, friends, school, self, and living environment. Responses
were analyzed to assess potential cross-national differences in (a) mean levels of life satisfaction, and (b) response styles,
specifically acquiescence and extreme responding. Mean scores revealed positive ratings by adolescents from all four nations
across all domains, with the exceptions of satisfaction with school experiences (Ireland, South Korean, USA), living environment
(China, South Korea), self (South Korea), and general life satisfaction (South Korea). Results also revealed significant response
style differences across all MSLSS domains. Significant gender and gender-by-nation effects were observed for both mean score
and response style differences, although the effect sizes were small. The implications of these findings were discussed, particularly
with respect to “individualistic” vs. “collectivistic” cultural differences.
Rich Gilman is Associate Professor in the Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology at the University of Kentucky.
His research interests include positive well-being among youth, perfectionism, and socially ostracized adolescents.
Scott Huebner is Professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of South Carolina. His research interests involve
the conceptualization, measurement, and implications of positive psychological well-being constructs among youth. He is a
fellow of Division 16 of the APA and the International Society for Quality of Life Studies.
Lili Tian is Associate Professor at South China Normal University. She received her Ph.D. in psychology from Beijing Normal
University. Her major research interests include adolescent's school well-being, acculturation of immigrant children and personality
assessment.
Nansook Park is Associate Professor at the University of Rhode Island. She received her Ph.D. from University of South Carolina.
Her major research interests among youth include character strengths and virtues, positive experience and life satisfaction
and how they are related to well-being, family functioning, health and education.
Jenny O’Byrne received her BA in the Department of Counselling & Psychotherapy from the Dublin Business School. Recent research
interests focus on child and adolescent development, and she recently completed her pre-clinical training in psychoanalytic
psychotherapy with the Lincoln Centre in London.
Dina Sverko is a research assistant at the University of Zagreb (Croatia). She received her Ph.D. in psychology from the University
of Triest (Italy). Her major research interests include personality assessment and health psychology.
Miriam Schiff is lecturer (equivalent to Assistant Professor) at the Hebrew University School of Social Work and Social Welfare
in Jerusalem. Her major research interests include trauma and substance use, and general mental health among adolescents in
clinic settings.
Heather Langknecht received her Ed.S. from the University of Kentucky in 2004. She currently works as a school psychologist
at Virginia Beach Public Schools (Virginia). Her primary research interests are cross-national quality of life issues among
children and youth. 相似文献
70.
This article examines the effectiveness of contemporary counterterrorism strategy in the global fight against terrorism from 2001 to 2011. We seek to maximize the comparative approach more than most existing studies by examining three tactics (killing, capturing, and defending) applied at three scopes (leader, operational, and broad) on three levels (global, movement [jihadi], and organizational [al-Qaeda and Taliban]), while also measuring effectiveness along several quantitative, qualitative, and spatial dimensions. Drawing from resource theory (and its derived analytical approaches) and empirical terrorism studies, we formulate competing hypotheses that are quantitatively tested using a dataset with several original aspects. We find that both killing and capturing can have large effects but these effects vary based on both states' and terrorists' targeting strategies. The most interesting specific findings are that drone strikes seem counterproductive for counterterrorism while renditions seem effective. However, these effects were dwarfed by those of increased defenses, which reduce attacks in the West while redirecting them to other areas in the world. While we find the theory mostly sound, though in need of refocus, we believe current policy trends foretell an increase in terrorist activity in the coming years. 相似文献