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Toward Understanding the Psychology of Reactions to Perceived Fairness: The Role of Affect Intensity
Kees van den Bos Marjolein Maas Ismintha E. Waldring Gün R. Semin 《Social Justice Research》2003,16(2):151-168
In social psychology it has been argued that the importance of justice cannot be overstated. In the present paper, we ask whether this indeed is the case and, more precisely, examine when fairness is an important determinant of human reactions and when it is less significant. To this end we explore what drives people's reactions to perceived fairness and argue that although social justice research has reported effects of fairness perceptions on people's affective feelings, a close examination of the literature shows that these reactions appear less frequently and less strong than one would expect. It is proposed here that this has to do with the neglect in the social psychology of justice of an important determinant of affective reactions: individuals' propensity to react strongly or mildly toward affect-related events. As hypothesized, findings of two empirical studies show that especially people high in affect intensity show strong affective reactions following the experience of outcome fairness (Study1) and procedural fairness (Study2). When affect intensity is low, however, weak or no fairness effects were found, suggesting that then fairness may not be an important issue. In the discussion it is thus argued that incorporating affect intensity into the justice literature may further insights into the psychology of reactions toward fairness. 相似文献
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The present study extends earlier research on procedural unfairness by assessing subjects' reactions to a procedural change before they learn about the outcome of the changed procedure. Subjects performed a series of four tests. After three tests, the procedure to calculate the test scores was changed into a procedure that was very inaccurate or slightly inaccurate compared to what subjects had experienced until then. The very inaccurate procedure was judged as more unfair as the slightly inaccurate procedure. As predicted, the unfair procedure raised negative affect and motivated subjects to protest. Implications of the results for procedural justice theory are discussed. 相似文献
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Ismael Rafols Patrick van Zwanenberg Molly Morgan Paul Nightingale Adrian Smith 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2011,36(6):624-639
In this article we explore some of the analytical and policy implications of widening the focus of nanomaterials governance
from risk regulation to the broader issue of the purposeful direction of the innovation process. We focus on the impact of
industrial activities on nanotechnology governance, arguing that the specific characteristics of the industrial dynamics of
nanomaterials—flexibility in applications and distributed innovation—limit and enable different potential interventions to shape technology. In particular, these characteristics exacerbate the
difficulties of attempting to directly influence innovation trajectories. Under these conditions, we argue that policies for
nanomaterials governance need to be broadened. The prevailing emphasis in the UK on policy initiatives ‘upstream’ in the R&D
process, while commendable, should be complemented with policies aimed further ‘downstream’ at potential users of nanomaterials,
such as renewable energy procurement or housing regulations in order to modulate technological development towards socially
desirable goals. 相似文献
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The presence of undocumented migrants is increasing in many Western countries despite wide-ranging attempts by governments to increase border security. Measures taken to control the influx of immigrants include policies that restrict access to publicly funded health care for undocumented migrants. These restrictions to health care access are controversial, and evidence suggests they do not always have the intended effect. This study provides a comparative analysis of institutional, actor-related, and contextual factors that have influenced health care policy development on undocumented migrants in England and the Netherlands. For undocumented migrants, England restricts its access to care at the point of service, while the Netherlands restricts through the payment system for services. The study includes an analysis of policy papers and semistructured, in-depth interviews with various actors in both countries. Findings confirm the influence of such contextual factors as immigration considerations and cost concerns on health care policy making in this area. However, these factors cannot explain the differences between the two countries. Previously enacted policies, especially the organization of the health care system, affected the kind of restrictions for undocumented migrants. Concerns about the side effects of generous treatment of undocumented migrants on other groups played a substantial role in formulating restrictive policies in both countries. Evidently, policy development and implementation is critically affected by institutional rules, which govern the degree of influence that doctors and professional medical associations have on the policy process. 相似文献
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Innocent victims of crime are often blamed for what happened to them. In this article, we examine the hypothesis that victim
blaming can be significantly reduced when people mimic the behavior of the victim or even a person unrelated to the crime.
Participants watched a person on a video after which we assessed the extent of their spontaneous mimicry reactions (Study
1) or participants were instructed to mimic or not to mimic the movements of this person (Study 2). Then, they were informed
about a rape and criminal assault and judged the degree to which they thought the victims were responsible for the crime.
One of the crimes happened to the same person as the person they previously did or did not mimic. The other crime happened
to a person unrelated to the mimicry situation. Results of both studies revealed that previously mimicking the victim or an
unrelated person reduced the degree to which victims were being blamed. 相似文献