Attitudes of people with disabilities toward physician-assisted suicide legislation: broadening the dialogue

This article presents the methods, findings, and implications of a participatory action research project that attempted to shed additional light on the debate over death with dignity (DWD) or physician-assisted suicide (PAS) legislation. In-depth, qualitative interviews with forty-five physically disabled residents of the San Francisco Bay Area, conducted by others with disabilities, revealed a wide breadth of opinions about and attitudes toward such legislation. For close to half of the participants, the desire for autonomy in making end-of-life decisions was a primary concern, yet fear that PAS legislation could violate this autonomy in various ways was a deep concern as well. Also reported were widespread accounts of disability-based discrimination and frequent expressions of fear about openly discussing positions that diverge from the official, publicly held opinions of disability leaders who oppose such legislation. The findings support those of a recent Harris poll demonstrating considerable diversity of opinion about PAS legislation among people with disabilities. The findings further suggest the need for additional research on the apparent disjunction between the diversity of attitudes held by those interviewed and the more unified position taken by many disability activists. Use of the study findings to promote greater dialogue within the community and to better position people with disabilities to take their place at the policy table also is discussed. In addition, the findings are seen as reinforcing the need for the public health community to become more engaged in this central ethical debate.     

Jurisdictional Conflicts: A New Approach to the Development of the Legal Professions

This paper sketches a new theoretical approach to the study of professions and uses that approach to analyze differences that have emerged between the American and English legal professions since the late nineteenth century. Earlier studies have generally emphasized professional structure and organization while ignoring work and its control. I argue that control of work is central to professional development. Since work is central and since professions compete for it, interprofessional competition is the determining fact in the history of professions. This paper analyzes the work available to the legal profession, the numbers and types of legal personnel available to do that work, and the various competitors contesting it. Studying in detail complaints of unqualified practice in England (1870–1940) and two American states (1910–50), I locate the types of contested work and the competitors involved, using these to explain important aspects of the two legal prof essions today. Throughout, a variety of theoretical concepts are developed and applied to the particular case. One striking discovery is the contrast in competitors; American lawyers & rsquo;chief competitors were corporations, while British lawyers'chief competitor was the state. I close by evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of the particular methodology here used—the study of conflicts—and suggest alternative methods using the same theoretical framework.     

DETERMINING THE EFFECTIVE REPRESENTATION OF A CHILD IN OUR LEGAL SYSTEM

This note addresses the process by which lawyers must determine their role and responsibilities with regard to a child-client. The authors engage in an analysis of current standards, such as AAML, ABA, Fordham Conference. and Jean Koh Peters, by employing a case study.which was modeled after an actual case that was being handled by the Hofstra University School of Law Child Advocacy Clinic. The case study is then applied to the four current standards and to the ethical standards proposed by The Model Rules of Professional Conduct and the Quebec Bar Association's findings.     

The case for government involvement in the management of cutbacks by public service organizations

Abstract: The literature on cutback management does not address the role of government in inducing creative strategies to deal with retrenchment. As this paper argues, government should not limit itself to economizing but should also provide administrative leadership, especially with respect to developing interorganizational cooperation and evaluating effectiveness. Interorganizational theory and research suggest that organizations are reluctant to interact, a tendency which becomes intensified in periods of decline. Such literature also indicates that government is in a position to motivate priority planning at the network level and cooperation between the organizations it funds. An examination of the strategies of the Ontario Ministry of Community and Social Services illustrates that there is little interest in facing this challenge. Although the ideas expressed in this paper contradict the logic of pluralism, and the political safety it provides to government, adopting a stronger managerial position regarding cutback strategies will eventually gain legitimacy. Sommaire: Les textes portant sur la gestion des coupures budgétaires ne se penchent pas sur le rôle du gouvernement dans l'amorce de mesures innovatrices en ce qui a trait à la compression des dépenses. Comme il est dit dans cet article, le gouvernement ne devrait pas se contenter d'économiser, mais devrait aussi faire preuve de leadership en matiere administrative. Il devrait en particulier amplifier la coopération interorganisationnelle et évaluer l'efficacité des programmes. La théorie et les recherches sur l'interorganisation portent à croire que les organismes Bprouvent des réticences à collaborer, tendance qui s'intensifie en périodes de déclin. Ces écrits indiquent aussi que le gouvernement se trouve dans une position où il peut encourager une planification prioritaire au niveau du réeau, et des échanges entre les organismes qu'il subventionne. Si on analyse les mesures prises par le ministère des Services sociaux et communautaires de l'Ontario, on se rend compte que le gouvernement n'a pas très envie de relever le défi. Bien que les idées exprimées dans cet article contredisent la logique du pluralisme et la sécurité politique que ce dernier fournit au government, I'adoption d'une attitude gestionnaire plus forte, en ce qui a trait aux coupures budgétaires et aux mesures à appliquer, sera peut-êre un jour reconnue comme juste.     

Gender-specific pathways to intimacy in early adolescence

As part of a larger longitudinal study of psychosocial development, 148 girls and 130 boys were administered a series of questions regarding a close friend during their eighth-grade school year. Scales corresponding to shared experience, self-disclosure, and intimacy (defined as emotional closeness) were developed from these items. Path-analytic models tested the relative strength of the self-disclosure and shared experience paths to emotional closeness for boys and girls separately. The results indicated that the self-disclosure path to emotional closeness is significant for both boys and girls. No relationship was found between shared experience and emotional closeness in girls when controlling for self-disclosure. The relationship between shared experience and feelings of closeness was, however, significant for boys even while controlling for the effects of self-disclosure. Covariance structure analysis (LISREL) indicated that the covariance matrices for the three scales were significantly different for boys and girls. The results are considered in relation to the gender socialization and friendship literature. The potential importance of defining intimacy as emotional closeness is also discussed.The research reported here was supported by National Institute of Mental Health Grant MH30252/38142 to Anne C. Petersen.Research interests include the development of the self-sytem and close relationships during adolescence and young adulthood.Research interests include adolescent mental health and parent and peer relationships.Received Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1973. Research interest is biopsychosocial development in adolescence, with a focus on sex differences in mental health.