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491.
492.
Multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) often have close relationships with scientific and technical advisors, and as international policy makers negotiate the post-Rio generation of MEAs, there has been an increased emphasis on establishing science advisory bodies (SABs) as part of the institutional design of MEAs. This article will examine the negotiations of the design, membership and roles of the science advisory bodies to two of the most recent additions to the MEA landscape: the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade; and the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. A particular emphasis will be placed on concerns over membership, examining how policy makers have sought to achieve representative membership by ensuring that the limited number of experts on a SAB reflect the national, economic and geographic diversity of stakeholders (capturing interests of those benefiting and suffering from the problem or its solution), while also maintaining an institutional and disciplinary diversity suitable to the nature of the problem (including those directly or traditionally implicated in the study or management of the problem, whilst still allowing input from other experts more tangentially related, who are likely to identify inter-problem linkages). 相似文献
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494.
Peter B. Wood 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2007,31(2):8-22
The vast majority of offenders released from prison will re-offend, about two-thirds will be re-arrested with three years,
most current prison inmates have prior prison experience, and many repeat offenders are devoted to what has been termed a
criminal lifestyle. Findings from a survey of over 700 incarcerated adult offenders explore the effect of different measures
of past punishment on inmates’ perceptions of the certainty and severity of future sanctions, and self-reported likelihood
of re-offending after release. Results are mixed, with measures of current imprisonment being associated with a deterrent
effect, while measures of past imprisonment (juvenile and adult) and experience with alternative sanctions being associated
with a criminogenic effect. Recognizing that the data are not longitudinal and contain no measures of actual re-offending,
the implied positive punishment effect is explained by applying social learning dynamics and insights from ethnographic studies.
Specifically, a) non-social reinforcers-particularly affective costs and benefits experienced through offending, b) association
with criminal reference groups in and out of prison, and c) a lack of legitimate, reintegrative opportunities upon reentry
all serve to promote re-offending. Findings have implications for the study of offender decision-making processes, and speak
to the efficacy of imprisonment as a deterrent to crime. 相似文献
495.
This research note presents EPAC 2017, a dataset resulting from the second round of an expert survey on ethnonationalism in party competition. EPAC provides cross-sectional data on the positions of (ethno-) national and mainstream parties on an ethnonational (also often referred to as ‘territorial’ or ‘centre-periphery’) dimension, as well as other important dimensions of political competition. The 2017 edition covers 222 political parties in 22 multinational European countries. The research note presents the main survey items and performs a series of validity and reliability tests on the data. Results show that EPAC 2017 provides valid and reliable measures of party positions on an ethnonational dimension. A short analysis of party system changes in Spain and Bosnia and Herzegovina illustrates the opportunities of combining the 2011 and 2017 editions. The combined dataset allows studying the mobilization of the centre-periphery cleavage in party competition across Eastern and Western Europe and over time. 相似文献
496.
ABSTRACTSeeking to improve university accountability and compliance with federal mandates, states are considering new reforms including mandating reporting of campus sexual assault allegations. These new policies remain an empirical “black box.” To address these gaps, the current exploratory study draws upon a recent survey that examines the extent of awareness, perceptions, concerns, and policy practices of victim advocates and other personnel concerning new legislation. Virginia is chosen as the state for this case study given its recent implementation of a controversial mandated reporting law, as well as other initiatives, across institutions of higher education. Findings suggest that campus personnel are aware and largely supportive of the new reforms, but they also share concerns. Implications for research and policy development are discussed. 相似文献
497.
Ferry Lauren L. Hafner-Burton Emilie M. Schneider Christina J. 《The Review of International Organizations》2020,15(4):767-792
The Review of International Organizations - Many international development organizations (IDOs) have officially mandated anti-corruption criteria for aid selectivity. Substantial debate remains... 相似文献
498.
Marcos Alan S. V. Ferreira Mark Anner Omar Sánchez‐Sibony Mark Ungar Bárbara Zárate Tenorio Andrew G. Reiter Kenneth P. Jameson Christina Ewig 《拉美政治与社会》2016,58(3):142-166
Books reviewed in this issue. Carlos Eduardo Poggio Teixeira, Brazil, the United States, and the South American Subsystem: Regional Politics and the Absent Empire. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2014. Abbreviations, bibliography, index, 169 pp.; hardcover $80, paperback $36.99, ebook $22.07. Matthew E. Carnes, Continuity Despite Change: The Politics of Labor Regulation in Latin America. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2014. Tables, figures, bibliography, index, 256 pp.; hardcover $65. Tasha Fairfield, Private Wealth and Public Revenue in Latin America: Business Power and Tax Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015. Figures, tables, acronyms, appendixes, bibliography, index, 364 pp.; hardcover $99, ebook $79. Eduardo Moncada, Cities, Business, and the Politics of Urban Violence in Latin America. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2016. Bibliography, index, 248 pp.; hardcover $65, ebook. Teri L. Caraway, María Lorena Cook, and Stephen Crowley, eds., Working Through the Past: Labor and Authoritarian Legacies in Comparative Perspective. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2015. Photographs, illustrations, notes, bibliography, index, 296 pp.; hardcover $79.95, paperback $27.95. Elin Skaar, Camila Gianella Malca, and Trine Eide, After Violence: Transitional Justice, Peace, and Democracy. New York: Routledge, 2015. Figures, tables, index, 232 pp.; hardcover $145, paperback $54. David A. Steinberg, Demanding Devaluation: Exchange Rate Politics in the Developing World. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2015. Illustrations, figures, tables, appendix, notes, bibliography, index, 288 pp.; hardcover $45. UN Women, Progress of the World's Women 2015–16: Transforming Economies, Realizing Rights. New York: United Nations, 2015. Figures, tables, maps, notes, index, bibliography, 342 pp.; web version, http://progress.unwomen.org/en/2015 相似文献
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500.
Ping Wu Renee D. Goodwin Cordelia Fuller Xinhua Liu Jonathan S. Comer Patricia Cohen Christina W. Hoven 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2010,39(2):177-188
Using a sample of 781 adolescents (ages 13–17, 52.8% male) from a community survey, this study examined gender differences
in the co-occurrence of specific anxiety disorders with substance use in adolescents. The associations between anxiety disorders
and substance use differed according to the particular anxiety disorders and forms of substance use being examined, as well
as by gender. Social phobia was associated with cigarette smoking among boys only. For girls, social phobia appeared to be
negatively associated with drug use. For the other anxiety disorders, the associations with substance use tended to be stronger
among girls. These findings highlight the need to improve clinical recognition of the anxiety disorders and to improve treatment
access for afflicted adolescents. Future studies based on longitudinal data could further elucidate the relationships among
anxiety disorders, gender, and substance use. 相似文献