Time,work and money in a Tuscan co‐operative

This article describes how and why a small group of farming families in southern Tuscany collectivised their production and formed an agricultural co‐operative in 1980. The attempt to build socialism on one hillside is entirely untypical of the area, but it does provide a vantage point for examining the general post‐war transformation of Tuscan agriculture, and revealing changes in production and the household with the growth of market relations. The concluding section concentrates particularly on changes in the organisation and purpose of work.     

Adverse Neighborhood Conditions and Sanction Risk Perceptions: Using SEM to Examine Direct and Indirect Effects

Objectives

The present study examines how individuals’ sanction risk perceptions are shaped by neighborhood context.

Methods

Using structural equation modeling on data from waves 6 and 7 of the National Youth Survey, we assess the direct and indirect relationships between adverse neighborhood conditions and two dimensions of sanction risk perceptions: the certainty of punishment and perceived shame. In addition, the role of shame as a mediator between neighborhood context and certainty of punishment is also investigated.

Results

The results indicate that adverse neighborhood conditions indirectly affect both forms of sanction risk perceptions, and additional results show that perceived shame fully mediates the effect of neighborhood conditions on perceptions of the certainty of punishment.

Conclusions

The perceptual deterrence/rational choice perspective will need to be revised to accommodate more explicitly the role of neighborhood context in shaping sanction risk perceptions.