Does Canadian Multiculturalism Survive through State Repression?

Emma Ambrose and Cas Mudde argued in this journal that the absence of far-right parties in Canada can be attributed, among other factors, to “strong state repression of dissent” on multiculturalism policy. This article provides numerous examples of such dissent, to show that the state repression invoked by Ambrose and Mudde does not exist. The article also argues that certain “supply-side” explanations for the absence of a strong far-right apply to the Canadian case. It notes, in particular, how Steven Harper's Conservative government occupied much of the political space that might otherwise have been available for far-right challengers.     

补肾益精方对去势大鼠椎体结构、成分与生物力学性能的影响

目的:评价补肾益精方提高去势大鼠椎体骨质量的有效性,探讨本方改善模型松质骨生物力学性能的作用机制.方法:40只12月龄Wistar雌性大鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型对照组、补肾益精方组与倍美力组,每组10只.给药组的给药时点是双侧卵巢切除术后90 d,给药组与非给药组的处死时点是卵巢切除术或假切除术后180 d.处死以后,分别测定各组大鼠第二腰椎宏观几何结构参数、生物化学成分参数、生物力学性能参数.结果:模型对照组的腰椎宏观几何结构参数与正常对照组比较,未见显著性差异(P>0.05);补肾益精方组、倍美力组与模型对照组比较,也均未见显著性差异(P>0.05).模型对照组的生物化学成分参数与正常对照组比较,其中骨矿盐密度显著减少(P<0.05),骨胶原密度减少不显著(P>0.05);补肾益精方组、倍美力组与模型对照组比较,补肾益精方组的骨矿盐密度与骨胶原密度分别上升3%(P<0.05)和8%(P>0.05),倍美力组分别上升9%(P<0.05)和12%(P>0.05).模型对照组的结构力学参数以及材料力学参数都显著低于正常对照组(P<0.05);尤其在弹性阶段的结构力学参数与材料力学参数方面,补肾益精方组比模型对照组显著升高(P<0.05),但是倍美力组升高不显著(P>0.05);在塑性阶段的结构力学参数与材料力学参数方面,补肾益精方组、倍美力组与模型对照组比较均明显升高(P<0.05),两者升高的幅度分别是30.3%与25.8%.结论:补肾益精方不仅提高去势大鼠椎体的骨质量,改善模型椎体弹性阶段的力学性能的作用也相对优于倍美力,具体机制有待进一步研究.