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51.
This study examined the relationship between state firearms homicides and background checks for firearms purchases. Controlling for economic and social conditions, the estimated number of firearms in circulation, offenders under community supervision, and violent crime it was found that states with less stringent background checks on firearms purchases were significantly associated with firearms homicides. The large number of firearms circulating within the United States makes it likely that a motivated—but ineligible—person could obtain a firearm over the long-term in the secondary firearms market. Effective state background checks, however, may temporarily frustrate an unauthorized person from obtaining a firearm that, in turn, may contribute to lower firearms homicide rates. Implications for further research are examined. 相似文献
52.
Despite the fact that there are approximately 1,775 American jails of 99 beds or less, little is known about how these jails
function, or the challenges that they confront. This study examined the problem of suicides and attempted suicides in small
jails, finding that the prevalence of these incidents is two to five times greater than in their larger counterparts. Net
of other factors, jails that had higher rates of admissions, as well as overcrowded facilities had a positive relationship
with suicide attempts. We also found that jails that reported higher concentrations of special needs inmates were significantly
associated with attempts. Specifically, facilities that had higher levels of long-term inmates were positively associated
with suicide attempts. While almost one-fifth of small jails did not use formal suicide assessments at admission, and only
slightly more than one-half of these facilities provided annual suicide training to jail officers, these factors were not
significantly associated with suicide attempts in 2004. Implications for future research and practice are outlined. 相似文献
53.
Rick?DierenfeldtEmail author Greg?Lindsteadt Jacob?Laan Kristen?N.?Sobba 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2016,41(2):279-295
The privatization of prison services is a growing trend in the field of corrections; however, this growth has not been matched by evaluative research. This study examines the use of contract staff to supplement state intelligence investigators’ efforts to monitor outgoing offender telephone communications for evidence of illicit activity at 18 adult institutions in a Midwestern department of corrections. Percent-change models and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) modeling are used to examine aggregates of intelligence reports documenting drug, expressive, instrumental, and administrative violations. Our findings indicate that the introduction of contract services was associated with substantial increases in the number of intelligence reports filed within each of these categories. Furthermore, these results suggest that the use of privatized services that supplement rather than replace public efforts appear to be an ethical, efficient, and cost-effective alternative to comprehensive privatization. 相似文献
54.
David C. May Brandon K. Applegate Rick Ruddell Peter B. Wood 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2014,39(2):250-266
A growing body of research suggests that, according to both offenders and criminal justice practitioners, jails and correctional boot camps are viewed and experienced as significantly more punitive than prison. Nevertheless, limited research exists examining the perceptions of the public regarding jail conditions and operations. Using responses from 1,183 Kentucky adults, we examine public opinion regarding the punitiveness of jail when compared to prison. We determine that, with the exception of boot camp, respondents feel that jail is the most punitive noncapital sanction. Additionally, respondents who had been convicted of a felony at some point in their lives and respondents with lower household income indicated that they would serve significantly less time in jail to avoid prison than their counterparts if given the option. Implications for policy and future research are discussed. 相似文献
55.
Tessa Sieswerda‐Hoogendoorn M.D. M.Sc. Anne S. Strik Nick F. J. Hilgersom Vidija Soerdjbalie‐Maikoe M.D. Ph.D. Rick R. van Rijn M.D. Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2014,59(2):559-563
Postmortem computed tomography (CT) is increasingly being used as a tool in forensic pathology. The exact value of postmortem imaging in detecting specific conditions has not yet been established, but in specific cases, it can be used as a diagnostic tool demonstrating findings that remain undetected during autopsy, as in this case. Pneumomediastinum and soft tissue emphysema were detected with postmortem CT in a 3‐year‐old girl after hanging. It was not found during autopsy. This radiological finding matches 3 adult cases previously described. It is assumed that in this case, the first reported in a child, hanging was the most likely cause as well. In the adult cases, it was interpreted as a vital sign; the person must have been alive to create a pressure gradient causing rupture of the alveoli. This case demonstrates one of the added values of postmortem imaging, the possibility of demonstrating findings that remain undetected during autopsy. 相似文献
56.
The restrictions placed by New Public Management on the work of municipal controllers raise questions regarding if and when these public controllers can make effective use of their intuition. A study has been carried out to answer these questions. Intuition in this study is defined as a ‘non-conscious process involving holistic associations that are produced rapidly, which result in affectively charged judgments’. While experience deals with known facts, intuition focuses on new ones. The study was carried out in the form of a simulation in which municipal controllers were asked to analyse the financial situation of a fictional municipality. Afterwards the participants were presented with four factors and were instructed to indicate which factor had been decisive in the financial process. Two factors required extensive experience as a municipal controller, while one factor required the use of intuition. The initial expectation was that experienced controllers would make more use of their intuition. Another supposition was that the use of intuition would increase with increasing time pressure. The research has shown that good use of intuition does indeed require experience. Thus, experienced public controllers make more and better use of their intuition than their less experienced colleagues. In addition, the use of intuition increases with the decrease in time available for analysis, but experience plays a crucial role in this respect. Further, the study reaches the conclusion that intuition and rational analysis do not so much exclude as complement each other. A good use of intuition requires considerable experience in rational analysis. Finally, the results of the study demonstrate that the use of intuition does not lead to worse decisions than those made using rational analysis. 相似文献
57.
58.
Rick S. Kurtz 《政策研究评论》2013,30(4):366-380
The April 20, 2010, BP Deepwater Horizon blowout riveted citizen and elected officials' attention on coastal oil spills in ways not seen since the ill‐fated 1989 Exxon Valdez crisis. A commonly voiced lament included why was the tragedy not prevented? Why the seemingly poor safety practices and who is to blame? Could a spill of such catastrophic proportion happen elsewhere in the future? Applying a spill prevention causation framework developed through the examination of other major near‐shore incidents over a 23‐year period, the author finds Deepwater Horizon exhibited a pattern of shortcomings evident in these other spills. These shortcomings are rooted in policy imperfections, a weak regulatory regime, organizational deviance in lieu of integrity, and interorganizational structure deficiencies. 相似文献
59.
ABSTRACTThis article critiques recent developments in training in the Australian security industry. Regulation of the industry is state- and territory-based, with eight jurisdictions enacting purpose-built legislation. Training was a key area of reform in the 1990s and early 2000s, but standards remained fragmented until 2008 when the Committee of Australian Governments agreed on a national competency framework to be implemented by 2010. However, despite the adoption of a common curriculum for core security tasks, the project derailed spectacularly in terms of consistency of standards, as revealed by a number of major inquiries and associated sources. This article analyses the reasons for this situation and recommends an alternative model to optimise competency standards in security work that includes much greater specificity in hours of instruction and in teaching and assessment methods. The lessons from this study have wider application given that deficits in security training appear to be a common problem internationally. 相似文献
60.