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141.
Problems of unity can affect an armed opposition group at many stages of its existence—during the war, in peace negotiations, and in its transition to political party. This article assesses how internal divisions affected the performance of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) in El Salvador. It finds that while the FMLN suffered significant internal divisions in the early years of the war, it remained remarkably unified from 1983 on. Significant divisions began to appear during the later war years but were not exacerbated until after the war's conclusion, when repeated fracturing occurred. The FMLN began to present itself as a programmatically coherent party only in 2005, and this ideological homogeneity allowed it to establish a series of partnerships with moderate, non‐revolutionary sectors of Salvadoran society and to achieve victory in the 2009 presidential elections. 相似文献
142.
Political Behavior - In this paper, we examine the ways in which citizens emotionally react to and cognitively process campaign advertisements that contain group-based appeals. Specifically, we... 相似文献
143.
Prannoy Roy 《The Journal of peasant studies》2013,40(2):212-241
In this paper, the author studies the impact of agricultural transition on certain well‐known empirical relationships that have, so far, been identified with backward agriculture. The study tests the relation between farm size and productivity to see if the inverse relation breaks down with the advent of new technology. Farm size is also related to several other variables in an analysis of agricultural transformation. Using recent data the results indicate that: the historically more advanced regions exhibit a positive relation between farm size and productivity; in regions which have been recently transformed the relation is neither significantly negative nor positive, and in the relatively backward areas the inverse relation still prevails. Corresponding changes in other variables also tend to reflect the nature and extent of transition in agriculture. 相似文献
144.
Journal of Youth and Adolescence - 相似文献
145.
Human scent can be collected by either contact or non-contact sampling mode. The most frequently used human scent evidence collection device known as the Scent Transfer Unit (STU-100) is a dynamic sampling device and is often used in a non-contact mode. A customized human scent collection chamber was utilized in combination with controlled odor mimic permeation systems containing five standard human scent volatiles to optimize the flow rate, collection material and geometry of the absorbent material. The scent collection method which yielded the greatest amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) detected included the use of a single layer of Johnson and Johnson gauze/multiple layers of Dukal gauze with the STU-100 on the lowest flow rate setting. The correlation of the resulting VOC profiles demonstrate that collection of standard VOCs in controlled conditions yielded reproducible VOC profiles on all materials studied with the exception of polyester. Finally, the method was tested using actual human subjects under optimized set of conditions. 相似文献
146.
The use of instrumental variables regression in political science has evolved from an obscure technique to a staple of the political science tool kit. Yet the surge of interest in the instrumental variables method has led to implementation of uneven quality. After providing a brief overview of the method and the assumptions on which it rests, we chart the ways in which these assumptions are invoked in practice in political science. We review more than 100 articles published in the American Journal of Political Science, the American Political Science Review, and World Politics over a 24‐year span. We discuss in detail two noteworthy applications of instrumental variables regression, calling attention to the statistical assumptions that each invokes. The concluding section proposes reporting standards and provides a checklist for readers to consider as they evaluate applications of this method. 相似文献
147.
Randy Gainey Mariel Alper Allison T. Chappell 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2011,36(2):120-137
Fear of crime has long been considered a significant social problem, spurring decades of academic research and leading to
a variety of policy initiatives. Building on prior research, this study investigated the direct and indirect effects of demographic
characteristics, social and physical disorder, and prior victimization on fear of crime. Further, it assessed the direct and
indirect effects of perceived risk on fear. Finally, the research examined the extent to which social capital mediated the
impact of these variables on fear. Using data from a survey of residents in a southeastern city, analyses reveal that victimization
and disorder significantly predict fear of crime, and that risk perception and social capital mediate the relationship between
disorder and victimization on fear. Further, structural equation models show a number of interesting indirect effects. Policy
implications and directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
148.
Do non-fixed election dates in Westminster parliamentary democracies create an unfair incumbent advantage? The consensus in the literature is that the incumbent party can gain an advantage at the ballot box by controlling election timing (Bakvis, 2001; Docherty, 2010; Smith, 2004; White, 2005; Wolinetz, 2005). Surprisingly, however, there is a lack of empirical evidence to support this claim. We address this lacuna by providing an empirical test of whether the election-timing power matters for incumbent vote support. We do so by employing an innovative web-based voting experiment. Our findings show that the government does gain an advantage by timing an election when it is to their advantage, but the context is limited to conditions where the election follows immediately after a heightened level of positive government coverage. 相似文献
149.
Yau H Dominowski A Schaible C Siefring G Morjana N 《Forensic science international》2012,220(1-3):97-102
We evaluated the performance of Emit(?) II Plus 6-Acetylmorphine Assay for human urine screening on the Viva-E(?) analyzer. Precision was evaluated using the cutoff and ±25% controls. Recovery and linearity were studied by spiking 6-acetylmorphine (6-AM) into human urine pools. Accuracy was evaluated using urine specimens and the results were compared to those from GC/MS. Cross-reactivity with structurally related drugs was assessed at different cross-reactant concentrations. Interferences were assessed in the presence of 7.5 and 12.5 ng/mL of 6-AM. The qualitative repeatability coefficients of variation (CV's) ranged from 0.3% to 0.4% and the within-lab CV's ranged from 2.0% to 2.2%. In analyte units (ng/mL), the repeatability CV's ranged from 1.3% to 2.2% and the within-lab CV's ranged from 2.6% to 4.3%. The limit of detection of the assay was found to be 2.1 ng/mL. Recovery was within 15% of expected value. Linearity was 2.1-20 ng/mL. Method comparison showed 99% agreement with GC/MS. The assay had minimal cross-reactivity with morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, morphine-6-glucuronide and other opioids. No interference was observed with endogenous interferences and structurally unrelated drugs. The assay correctly classified CAP survey samples. The Emit(?) II Plus 6-Acetylmorphine Assay will be a suitable screening method for urine specimens in both qualitative and semi-quantitative analyses. 相似文献
150.
It has been well established that a ??plea discount?? or ??trial penalty?? exists, such that defendants who plead guilty receive significant sentencing discounts relative to what they would receive if convicted at trial. Theorists argue that the exact value of this plea discount is determined by bargaining ??in the shadow of a trial,?? meaning that plea decision-making is premised on the perceived probable outcome of a trial. In trials, the strength of the evidence against defendants greatly impacts the probability of conviction. In the present study, we estimate the probability of conviction at the individual level for those who pled guilty. We find that, contrary to the shadow of the trial model, evidentiary factors either do not impact or negatively impact the probability of conviction, which stands in stark contrast to the impact evidence has at trials. These findings suggest that plea bargain decision-making may not occur in the shadow of the trial. 相似文献