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31.
Ian Marsh 《Australian Journal of Public Administration》1983,42(4):433-458
Abstract: In Australia, current policy making is characterized by immobilism, drift and "pluralistic stagnation". The problem is not lack of technical expertise, but the mobilization of political consent in a polity in which pressure groups have proliferated. In the post-war period, the welfare state/managed economy has transformed the role of government and the potential power of pressure groups. New networks of interdependency have developed. Some of the principal groups are beneficiaries of redistributive programs, producer groups, state and local government agencies and professionals in government. Their potential power has been made actual by a new participative ethic. The post-materialist values of which this is part also result in the growth of groups focusing on quality of life and moral issues. In this context the political parties are losing their central place in the polity and the centralized organs of executive government appear over-secretive and aloof. Reforms are needed to realign institutions with the new cultural and structural realities. Broader interest group involvement is needed. Parliament, through a committee system, could play a major role and its historical function as custodian of the public interest should be revived. Departments must find new ways to involve more groups in policy formulation and implementation. Information must be shared more widely and policy analysts and advisors should work more closely with groups in defining issues, negotiating alternatives and encouraging the development of supportive coalitions. New "intelligence" and "outreach" functions within the public service are required, and the existing approaches of policy units and research bureaux should be remodelled. 相似文献
32.
This study examines the importance of victims’ expectations of the police, the decision to arrest, and voluntary contact on
satisfaction ratings of the police in domestic violence cases. Based on results from past research and modern police policy,
several hypotheses are tested including: fulfilled expectations, offender arrests, and voluntary contacts resulting in positive
satisfaction ratings of the police. To investigate these predictions further, the present study utilizes data from a national
study on violence against women in the United States. Logistic regression analyses indicate that fulfilled expectations and
the arrest decision are important to positive satisfaction ratings. Findings also indicate that involuntary, not voluntary,
contact with the police leads to higher satisfaction ratings. 相似文献
33.
Armstrong A Babrauskas V Holmes DL Martin C Powell R Riggs S Young LD 《Journal of forensic sciences》2004,49(4):741-748
Tests have determined that boots or shoes of individuals at a fire scene do not transport sufficient contaminants ("tracking") through the fire scene to produce a positive laboratory result for the presence of gasoline in a fire scene that was not present at the time of the fire. Questions about the validity of forensic laboratory results have been raised on the basis that low-level gasoline residues detected in the laboratory samples could have been the result of transporting the residue by footwear contaminated from the fire scene ("tracking"). The data collected in this study establish that "tracking" does not lead to false-positive laboratory results. Canines trained and experienced in the detection of trace ignitable liquid residues were also utilized in this study. The canine results confirmed that properly trained canines show a higher sensitivity than do standard ASTM laboratory techniques for fire debris analysis. In a few cases, canines responded to contamination, but laboratory testing (which is the definitive indicator) did not produce positive results. 相似文献
34.
Ian Marsh 《Political studies》1999,47(5):837-856
This paper seeks to extend discussion of the areas of state activity that are relevant to economic performance. It does this by linking several literatures that are now usually considered in isolation from each other. These are institutionalist theory, developmental state theory, and comparative and historical institutionalism. The paper focuses particularly on the experience of the east Asian developmental states. The paper suggests a new role for the state as catalyst in the formation of ideas, choice sets and motives concerning economic performance. It can play this role at national and policy community levels and in relation to desired overall outcomes, export or cluster development and innovation. The notion that economic globalization will inexorably drive convergence between states is discounted. On the contrary, this is as likely to nourish miscomprehension or incomprehension between citizens of different states. This is an additional reason for attending to the quality of opinion formation by states. 相似文献
35.
This article examines option hedging strategies that enable politicians to manage budgetary risk. While the theoretical risk management arguments are general, the simulation analysis considers the example of oil revenue risk in Texas, and estimates the costs and benefits of an option hedging program. To evaluate government option hedging strategies, the study develops a hedge quotient measure that compares the future value of realized revenues plus net option proceeds to the future value of expected revenue. The average hedge quotient is found to be lower for the option hedging strategy than for the unhedged position, illustrating the cost of an option hedging program. Nevertheless, option hedging effectively manages extreme downside risk and stops large budget deficits from occurring. Politicians may also like option hedging because it preserves the potential of realizing budget surpluses. 相似文献
36.
37.
Ian Marsh 《Australian Journal of Public Administration》1999,58(4):54-67
This paper explores two issues: first, the strategic and coalition-building tasks that may be routinely associated with New Public Management (NPM); and second, the implications of acknowledging these tasks for the conception of public management. NPM focuses on performance. It invites managers to accept responsibility for whole programs or systems (Kettle, 1997; Dunleavy, 1994; Ridley, 1996; Hood, 1995). This directs attention to basic program frameworks (that is, program strategy), as well as to operations. It involves the purposes of programs. It involves routine attention to such factors as the effectiveness of outcomes, the identification of alternative program configurations, the implications of emerging issues and needs, and the mobilisation of authority for change. In practice, this authority derives both from program stakeholders, as well as from ministers and the broader political system. 相似文献
38.
Steve Jacob Louis M. Imbeau Jean‐Franois Blanger 《Canadian public administration. Administration publique du Canada》2011,54(2):189-215
Abstract: The administrative discretion of civil servants is a central topic in public administration literature. Some authors view it as necessary and beneficial, while other researchers see it is a source of widespread abuse. However, reforms inspired by the “new public management” taking place in a number of public administrations are promoting greater managerial flexibility. In parallel with these modernization initiatives directed at administration, scandals continue to shake politico‐administrative life, and ethical issues are increasingly at the heart of public action. It is within this context that we question the relationship between an increasing managerial discretion and the development of an ethics infrastructure. Which areas are at risk? Can ethics help overcome the potential abuses of power? How do managers perceive their ability to be flexible and the role of ethics in their work? How do you implement the ethical requirements developed in various standards documents? These are the principal themes addressed in this article that presents the findings of a qualitative case study conducted in a Quebec ministry in 2008–2009. Our results show that, contrary to what promoters of the new public management claim, managers have little, if any, discretionary power in matters of financial management. Their actions and decisions are strictly governed by hierarchical control mechanisms or a computer system. This explains in part why taking ownership of general principles and establishing an ethics infrastructure remain a formal process. 相似文献
39.
James C. Spilsbury Lara Belliston Dennis Drotar Allyson Drinkard Jeff Kretschmar Rosemary Creeden Daniel J. Flannery Steve Friedman 《Journal of family violence》2007,22(6):487-499
This study assessed the associations of characteristics of domestic violence incidents with clinically significant levels
of traumatic symptoms and behavioral problems in a socio-economically and ethnically mixed sample of 687 children participating
in a community-service program for children witnessing violence. Study predictors included child/family demographic characteristics,
type and chronicity of exposure, and child’s perceptions of control over the event and threat to personal safety. Outcomes
consisted of traumatic symptoms and behavior problems. Results showed that perceived threat and control were associated with
greater odds of clinically significant levels of several trauma symptoms (and behavior problems in the case of perceived threat)
after adjusting for effects of demographic factors and violence characteristics. Child co-victimization increased odds of
reaching clinically significant levels of traumatic symptoms compared to children who witnessed the event but were not victimized.
Female sex and White ethnicity increased odds of specific trauma symptoms and behavior problems. Increasing age reduced odds
of some trauma symptoms. Associations between predictors and one outcome measure did not generalize across the other outcome
measure. Implications of study findings, and directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
40.