Shedder status—An analysis over time and assessment of various contributing factors

The shedder status of a person is an important consideration when evaluating probabilities of DNA transfer during activity-level assessments. As an extension of our previously published study, the shedder statuses of 38 individuals were reassessed 1 year later. The study found that shedder status may change over time for some individuals and was associated with one's gender, number of items touched, and mobile phone usage. In 29% of touch events, no DNA allele was detected and in 99% of touch events, the amount of DNA deposited was <2 ng. The study also found that in 0.6% of touch events, the participant could be excluded as a contributor of the observed DNA profile, with another person being included. Additionally, our investigations suggest that the current three-category system for shedder status classification may require further refinement to better represent the individuals' shedder status in a population.     

“国防”与“军事”关系视角下军事法的边界勘定

"国防"与"军事"的关系问题是学术界争论已久的问题,也是决定相关学科理论体系范围的前提性问题。当前军事法学研究中普遍存在的大小军事法观、大小军事法体系乃至大小军事法学之争,莫不与"国防"与"军事"的关系问题直接相关。以宪法、国防法有关国务院和中央军委国防职权的规定为依据,明确划定"国防"与"军事"各自的疆界,并以此为前提科学界定军事法的概念,理性构建军事法的体系,进而构筑逻辑自洽的军事法学学科理论体系,能够为解决当前大小军事法之争提供一条有益的参考路径。     

少年司法路径之选择与展望——以台湾地区《少年事件处理法》为借镜

从少年事件处理单独立法、设置独立的少年法院,到设计出整套的少年处遇措施体系,再到发展出具有福利化色彩的少年司法制度,台湾地区的《少年事件处理法》在少年法制建设方面树立了良好的典范。我国应以新刑事诉讼法中未成年人刑事案件特别程序的设立为契机,检视过去少年法制发展的缺失,借鉴台湾地区优秀经验,逐步探索发展出适合我国国情的少年司法制度。     

中国志愿服务研究的代际传承

改革开放以来,伴随中国志愿服务的发展繁荣,志愿服务理论研究也逐渐兴起、不断兴旺.从哲学、社会学、经济学、心理学以及其他学科视野研究志愿服务的成果不断涌现.同时,志愿服务研究呈现代际的差异和传承.第一代是为志愿服务"鼓与呼".第二代是为志愿服务"打基础".第三代是为志愿服务"立梁柱".第四代是为志愿服务"闯天下".第五代是为志愿服务"开新路".第六代是为志愿服务"散枝叶".未来要注重提升研究境界、拓展研究领域、丰富研究方法、构建研究纽带.让新时代中国特色志愿服务理论更有生机活力,发挥更大作用.     

通知删除规则适用之阙如及其完善

通知删除规则的适用对网络服务提供者责任的认定起着至关重要的作用,但在具体实践过程中,网络服务提供者的注意义务尚存争议,必要措施的选择亟需厘清,合理期限的确定尚不明晰,这为司法实践带来了诸多困难.因此,应以权责利益一致原则界定平台方合理的注意义务,"适时"将转通知纳入通知删除之范畴,并根据比例原则采取相应的措施应对多样化的网络侵权问题;合理期限的确定并非一定需以明确的时间为基准,而应该赋予网络服务提供者一定的自主决策能力,使其能根据具体情况从权利人和网络用户两方视角出发,综合分析各自的利益得失后进行确定.     

企业社会责任脉络考辩:理论、法律与技术

疏理自由主义、现实主义,尤其是马克思主义企业社会责任理论脉络,是认识作为从大工业时代向信息时代过渡的中介与转换环节的企业社会责任实质的关键.在企业实践的历史演绎中,考察与辨析公司法人所有权及其制度构建,是理解企业社会责任逻辑演绎和体系构建的重中之重.企业社会责任既是企业联系内外部关系的中介工具,也是信息时代企业关系体系的重要组成部分.在中国社会与环境问题上,政府——企业社会责任合作平台建设发挥着不可或缺的主导作用.     

Foster youth and crime: Employing general strain theory to promote understanding

Purpose

Despite the growing research evidence into vulnerability, disadvantage, and poor outcomes for young people leaving foster care, relatively little attention has been paid to our understanding of criminal engagement. The present study contributes to our understanding of this process by drawing on general strain theory (GST) to examine how specific forms of strain may lead to crime among foster youth.

Methods

Data from a national study of post-care foster youth in England are examined using robust logistic regression analysis, and a thematic analysis of qualitative interviews. Logistic regression was applied to conduct a simultaneous analysis of main and interaction effects of strains and conditioning variables on crime involvement among foster youth. Thematic analysis was utilised to explore themes for explaining the quantitative findings.

Results

Strains such as unemployment, school exclusion, length of time in care and instability of placement were significant predictors for involvement in criminal activity among foster youth. Conditioning factors, namely self-esteem and life skills acquired prior to leaving care, tend to mediate the relationship between these strains and criminal involvement. In-depth qualitative evidence further reinforced the effects of strains and conditional nature of the strains-crime relationship among foster youth.

Conclusions

The findings demonstrate the utility of employing GST in studies of foster youth, and they suggest implications for youth services and other foster youth programmes.     

A simplified clustering method for novice narcotic chemists

Statistical classification remains the most useful statistical tool for forensic chemists to assess the relationships between samples. Many clustering techniques such as principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis have been employed to analyze chemical data for pattern recognition. Due to the feeble foundation of this statistics knowledge among novice drug chemists, a tetrahedron method was designed to simulate how advanced chemometrics operates. In this paper, the development of the graphical tetrahedron and computational matrices derived from the possible tetrahedrons are discussed. The tetrahedron method was applied to four selected parameters obtained from nine illicit heroin samples. Pattern analysis and mathematical computation of the differences in areas for assessing the dissimilarity between the nine tetrahedrons were found to be user-convenient and straightforward for novice cluster analysts.     

Gas chromatographic method validation for the analysis of major components in illicit heroin seized in Malaysia

Apart from routine analysis of total morphine content required by the criminal justice system, quantification of other major components in illicit heroin has not been considered by the Malaysian enforcement laboratory. In order to quantify various other cutting agents in addition to alkaloids, a gas chromatographic (GC) method was developed to facilitate simultaneous quantification of eight target analytes commonly found in illicit heroin seized in Malaysia within a 12 min run time. The validation results demonstrated high selectivity with the use of an HP Ultra 2 capillary column. Different solvents were studied and methanol:chloroform (1:9) proved best for sample dissolution. The method was repeatable and reproducible. The study ranges covering 50-150% of the preferred concentrations of the eight analytes obtained r(2)>0.9997. Limits of detection up to 6μg/mL were also obtained and the method achieved 99-102% recovery. The capability of the method in heroin profiling was verified using samples from ten case samples.     

Capsule shells adulterated with tadalafil

Following a health complaint a food supplement was brought in for analysis on the suspicion of being adulterated with a synthetic drug substance. When the capsule content did not show evidence of adulteration, the capsule shell was investigated. Using HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS the capsule shell was found to contain 2.85 mg of the erectile dysfunction drug tadalafil. Using microscopy and RAMAN spectroscopy the presence of tadalafil was shown throughout the gelatine matrix as particles and dissolved into the matrix. The adulteration is probably carried out by adding tadalafil powder to a gelatine jelly in the manufacturing of the capsules shells. Because this technique may also be used for other drug substances, capsules shells should be considered a vehicle for hiding drug substances in general.