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81.
Contextualising Regional Innovation Systems in a Globalising Learning Economy: On Knowledge Bases and Institutional Frameworks 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
In order to advance the understanding of which types of regional innovation system represent effective innovation support
for what kinds of industry in different regions analyses must be contextualized by reference to the actual knowledge base
of various industries as well as to the regional and national institutional framework, which strongly shape the innovation
processes of firms. Of special importance is the linkage between the larger institutional frameworks of the national innovation
and business systems, and the character of regional innovation systems. In making the arguments about a general correspondence
between the macro-institutional characteristics of the economy and the dominant form and character of its regional innovation
systems a link is provided to the literature on ‘varieties of capitalism’ and national business systems. 相似文献
82.
This article concerns how the municipal organisation and its leaders respond to challenges posed by the post-industrial era, in the form of shrinking employment opportunities and population decline. By developing distinct policies of supporting cultural and new economic initiatives, they depart from traditional steering modes and engage in ‘networked governance’ to safeguard community viability. This extends the scope of what we normally expect of local government, as it implies practices and de facto decision making outside the public realm. With these strategies, municipal leaders show that they are eager to do something for the people in the municipality. Their relative success in the use of governance methods might be regarded as new ways of legitimising the politicians' and the municipalities' role. In this respect, creating policies that relate to the formation of community identity may be an important asset. 相似文献
83.
Björn Hagelin 《European Security》2013,22(4):483-500
Abstract The national research and development (R&D) base has in the post-cold war era gained increased importance in order to fill new security demands. There is a broadening of the search for security relevant science and technology involving more organizations and interests, scientific disciplines and nations. The question discussed in this article is if the premises of international, free and open R&D will be(come) compromised? Will we see more scientists, in their normal scientific activities, being accused of spying? The article suggests that such risks are not unrealistic to expect. Spy cases in less democratic countries could have consequences for scientists also in other countries. Outcomes depend on, among other things, the relative strengths of academic freedom and a political Identification Friend and Foe (IFF) component. United Nations and European Union resolutions restricting science education for students from Iran and North Korea in an attempt to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons illustrate a strong IFF component. Difficulties with regard to the implementation of these resolutions and other findings are presented in the final section of the article. 相似文献
84.
We introduce learning by doing in a dynamic contest. Contestants compete in an early round and can use the experience gained to reduce effort cost in a subsequent contest. A contest designer can decide how much of the prize mass to distribute in the early contest and how much to leave for the later one in order to maximize total efforts. We show how this division affects effort at each stage, and present conditions that characterize the optimal split. There is a trade off here, since a large early prize increases first period efforts leading to a substantial reduction in second round effort cost; on the other hand, there is less of the prize mass to fight over in the second round, reducing effort at that stage. The results are indicative of the fact that the designer often prefers to leave most of the prize mass for the second contest to reap the gains from the learning by doing effect. 相似文献
85.
An in-depth analysis of 11 cases is used to provide insight into the neglected area of the dynamics of boards in academic
spin-offs. Drawing on stage-based, resource dependence, and social network theories, we explore board formation and changes
in board composition occurring in Norwegian and US spin-offs. We find that these theories are important complements to earlier
research on boards in technology-based new ventures. The process of board formation is mainly driven by social networks of
the founders. Although we find differences in the initial board compositions in Norwegian and US spin-offs, there is convergence
over time in subsequent board changes, which are mainly driven by the social networks of the board chair. Additions of key
board members are associated with the progress of a spin-off developing from one stage to another. Several avenues for future
research and implications are discussed. 相似文献
86.
Andreas Björn Eiselt 《Natur und Recht》2007,29(12):814-819
Angeregt vor allem durch das Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz (EEG) kommen verst?rkt Pl?ne auf, Wasserkraft auf innovative Weise
sowie selbst an kleinen Flie?gew?ssern zu nutzen. Angesichts der im Verh?ltnis zum Stromertrag relativ hohen Kosten solcher
Vorhaben, aber auch bei klassischen Wasserkraftanlagen streben die Vorhabentr?ger nach m?glichst lang fristig gesicherten
Rechtspositionen. Dabei spielt die vom Wasserhaushaltsgesetz (WHG) für Bewilligungen grunds?tzlich vorgesehene Grenze von
drei?ig Jahren eine bedeutende Rolle. Zugleich ist beim Bewilligen einer Wasserkraftnutzung der angestrebten Umsetzung der
Europ?ischen Wasserrahmenrichtlinie Rechnung zu tragen. 相似文献
87.
Manual localization of bone fragments on the ground or on complex surfaces in relation to accidents or criminal activity may be time‐consuming and challenging. It is here investigated whether combining a near‐infrared hyperspectral camera and chemometric modeling with false color back‐projection can be used for rapid localization of bone fragments. The approach is noninvasive and highlights the spatial distribution of various compounds/properties to facilitate manual inspection of surfaces. Discriminant partial least squares regression is used to classify between bone and nonbone spectra from the hyperspectral camera. A predictive model (>95% prediction ability) is constructed from raw chicken bones mixed with stone, sand, leaves, moss, and wood. The model uses features in the near‐infrared spectrum which may be selective for bones in general and is able to identify a wide variety of bones from different animals and contexts, including aged and weathered bone. 相似文献
88.
The aim of the present study was to obtain data on the reliability and reproducibility of two non-destructive dental-age estimation methods in adults by calculating inter- and intra-observer effects. Both a morphological and a radiological technique available in the scientific literature were evaluated on a number of recently extracted teeth: the morphological technique was evaluated on a total of 160 teeth by two examiners, while three examiners applied the radiological technique on apical radiographs of 72 extracted teeth. Paired t-tests were used to calculate intra- and inter-observer differences. For the morphological method, both examiners were able to produce dental-age estimations that did not differ significantly from the real age of the teeth, obtaining a mean error between 0.5 and 1.8 years and a standard deviation of this error between 9.0 and 11.3 years. When using the radiological technique according to the original protocol, all three examiners produced age estimations that were statistically comparable to the real age of the teeth with a mean error of 0.5-2.5 years and a standard deviation of 4.6-9.8 years. For both techniques, intra-observer differences were observed. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that both non-destructive dental-age estimation techniques were able to produce reasonably accurate dental-age estimations, at least when these techniques were applied appropriately. However, the forensic odontologist is recommended to use different age estimation techniques and perform repetitive measurements in order to verify the reproducibility of the calculations performed. 相似文献
89.
Morling N Allen RW Carracedo A Geada H Guidet F Hallenberg C Martin W Mayr WR Olaisen B Pascali VL Schneider PM;Paternity Testing Commission of the International Society of Forensic Genetics 《Forensic science international》2002,129(3):148-157
The International Society for Forensic Genetics (ISFG) has established a Paternity Testing Commission (PTC) with the purpose of formulating international recommendations concerning genetic investigations in paternity testing. The PTC recommends that paternity testing be performed in accordance with the ISO 17025 standards. The ISO 17025 standards are general standards for testing laboratories and the PTC offers explanations and recommendations concerning selected areas of special importance to paternity testing. 相似文献
90.
Journal of Chinese Political Science - 相似文献